Property:EncodedGlossary-Senses
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A
The+term+has+the+sense+of+making+knowledge+and+meaning+manifest+through+intelligent+analysis+and+systematic+presentation. +
Enlightenment+attained+through+practice. +
Often+used+to+reference+the+ultimate+truth%2C+which+is+beyond+dualistic+conceptions+such+as+subject+and+object+and+so+forth. +
According+to+East+Asian+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra%2C+the+absolute+purity+of+mind+of+a+buddha.+While+the+Sanskrit+term+appears+in+Vasubandhu%27s+%27%27Abidharmako%C5%9Ba%27%27+and+the+accompanying+%27%27Bha%E1%B9%A3ya%27%27%2C+the+term+as+it+is+used+in+the+sense+of+pure+consciousness+was+first+used+in+Chinese+by+Param%C4%81rtha+and+then+expanded+and+changed+by+later+Chinese+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+writers.+While+Param%C4%81rtha+associated+it+with+thusness+and+used+it+to+refer+to+a+catalyst+for+enlightenment%2C+it+has+come+to+refer+to+a+ninth+consciousness+which+only+appears+when+the+%C4%81layavij%C3%B1%C4%81na%2C+the+eighth+consciousness%2C+ceases.+As+such%2C+it+is+pure%2C+luminous%2C+and+permanent.+Some+writers%2C+however%2C+have+equated+it+to+the+pure+aspect+of+the+%C4%81layavij%C3%B1%C4%81na%2C+as+well+as+with+prak%E1%B9%9Btiprabh%C4%81svaracitta+%28the+absolute+purity+of+mind%29%2C+tath%C4%81gatagarbha%2C+and+even+emptiness. +
Anuyoga+is+generally+associated+with+lung+%28%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%29+or+doctrinal+teachings%2C+wisdom+aspect+of+the+path+and+female+tantras. +
A+key+feature+of+the+Buddha%27s+teachings+that+stood+in+direct+contrast+to+the+mainstream+Indian+religious-philosophical+notion+of+an+eternal+self%2C+or+%C4%81tman. +
The+term+arhat+refers+to+someone+worthy+of+veneration+as+well+as+someone+who+has+overcome+the+enemies.+The+Tibetan+translation+has+the+latter+meaning+as+arhats+are+said+to+have+defeated+the+foes+of+defiling+emotions. +
Atiyoga+is+considered+to+be+the+highest+yoga+or+path+which+can+help+attain+Buddhahood+very+swiftly+and+easily+by+simply+realising+that+all+phenomena+are+expressions+of+the+primordial+wisdom. +
This+term+can+have+different+meanings+and+connotations+depending+on+the+context.+Especially+among+Tibetan+traditions+such+as+the+Nyingma%2C+in+which+%27%27rig+pa%27%27%2C+usually+translated+as+awareness%2C+became+a+key+concept%2C+its+opposite%2C+%27%27ma+rig+pa%27%27%2C+references+the+state+in+which+that+awareness+is+not+recognized.+In+this+context%2C+%27%27ma+rig+pa%27%27+should+likely+be+treated+as+an+indigenous+Tibetan+term+rather+than+a+direct+translation+of+the+Sanskrit+term+%27%27avidy%C4%81%27%27. +
B
Generally+associated+with+bodhisattvas%2C+these+are+major+stages+arrived+at+over+the+course+of+lifetimes+of+ongoing+spiritual+practice+and+development. +
As+this+is+the+desire+to+achieve+and+help+achieve+the+state+of+enlightenment+for+all+sentient+beings%2C+it+is+called+the+thought+or+mind+of+awakening+or+enlightenment. +
Buddha-nature+in+its+ultimate+sense+as+the+primordially+existing+essence+of+buddhahood+present+in+all+beings.+It+is+treated+as+a+Tantric%2FDzogchen+equivalent+of+the+more+S%C5%ABtra-based+terms+%27%27tath%C4%81gatagarbha%27%27+and+%27%27sugatagarbha%27%27. +
The+practical+application+or+fulfillment+of+the+altruistic+wish+to+attain+enlightenment+for+the+sake+of+all+sentient+beings. +
The+altruistic+wish+to+attain+enlightenment+for+the+sake+of+all+sentient+beings. +
The+term+Bodhisattva+rendered+into+Tibetan+as+%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B+%28wyl.+byang+chub+sems+dpa%27%29+has+the+sense+of+heroic+beings+who+have+developed+the+thought+of+enlightenment+or+awakening.+Thus%2C+a+Bodhisattva+is+defined+as+a+person+who+has+given+rise+to+Bodhicitta+or+the+thought+of+enlightenment. +
It+has+the+sense+of+being+pure+and+expansive+as+the+universal+principle.+It+is+the+source+from+which+all+things+emanate%2C+and+to+which+they+return. +
This+is+most+likely+the+direct+source+of+the+English+term+%27%27buddha-nature%27%27+via+its+translation+into+Chinese+and+Japanese.+These+traditions+tended+to+treat+the+Sanskrit+terms+%27%27dh%C4%81tu%27%27%2C+%27%27gotra%27%27%2C+and+%27%27garbha%27%27+as+synonyms+when+compounded+with+the+term+%27%27buddha%27%27%2C+though+the+translation+of+%27%27buddhadh%C4%81tu%27%27+seems+to+have+been+adopted+as+the+standard+technical+term+to+reference+the+buddha-nature+doctrine%2C+as+it+could+cover+a+wider+range+of+possible+meanings.+In+other+words%2C+the+term+%27%27dh%C4%81tu%27%27+could+more+easily+reference+both+the+causal+aspect+of+this+nature%2C+commonly+associated+with+the+term+%27%27gotra%27%27%2C+and+the+fruition+aspect+of+this+nature%2C+commonly+associated+with+the+term+%27%27garbha%27%27. +
The+list+of+five+is%3A+%27%27Ornament+of+Clear+Realization+%28Abhisamay%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra%2C+mngon+rtogs+rgyan%29%3B+Ornament+for+the+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+S%C5%ABtras+%28Mah%C4%81y%C4%81nas%C5%ABtr%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra%2C+theg+pa+chen+po+mdo+sde+rgyan%29%3B+Differentiation+of+the+Middle+and+the+Extremes+%28Madhy%C4%81ntavibh%C4%81ga%2C+dbus+mtha%27+rnam+%27byed%29%3B+Differentiation+of+Phenomena+and+Their+Nature+%28Dharmadharmat%C4%81vibh%C4%81ga%2C+chos+dang+chos+nyid+rnam+%27byed%29%27%27%3B+and+%27%27The+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Treatise+of+the+Highest+Continuum+%28Ratnagotravibh%C4%81ga+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81nottaratantra%C5%9B%C4%81stra%2C+theg+pa+chen+po+rgyud+bla+ma%27i+bstan+bcos%29%27%27. +
This+term+can+be+used+in+a+variety+of+contexts%2C+though+one+of+the+more+common+usages+is+related+to+the+Buddhist+notion+of+karma%2C+cause+and+effect.+In+this+sense%2C+b%C4%ABja+are+the+seeds+of+karmic+actions%2C+which+have+the+potential+to+ripen+into+karmic+consequences. +
C
It+is+a+philosophical+position+that+places+mentation+at+the+forefront+of+our+experience+of+the+world%2C+rather+than+the+seemingly+real+objects+that+consciousness+perceives.+It+can+also+be+used+to+refer+to+a+Buddhist+school%2C+a+genre+of+texts%2C+or+as+a+section+of+the+Tibetan+Buddhist+canon.+For+instance%2C+the+%27%27Gy%C3%BC+Lama%27%27+is+in+the+%27%27sems+tsam%27%27+section+of+the+Tibetan+canon. +
D
The+ultimate+source+of+phenomenal+appearances%2C+or+the+basic+nature+which+allows+for+phenomena+to+arise+in+all+their+multiplicity.+It+is+often+treated+as+a+synonym+for+emptiness+and+the+ultimate+truth. +
Although+this+term+is+sometimes+rendered+into+English+as+%E2%80%9Ctruth+body%2C%E2%80%9D+dharmak%C4%81ya+seems+to+have+originally+been+meant+to+refer+to+the+entire+corpus+%28%27%27k%C4%81ya%27%27%29+of+the+Buddha%E2%80%99s+transcendent+qualities+%28%27%27dharma%27%27%29.+%28%27%27The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%27%27%2C+p.+242%29 +
A+term+that+has+numerous+meanings+depending+on+the+context%2C+including+physical+realms+or+regions%2C+the+%28five%29+elements%2C+as+well+as+aspects+of+the+sense+organs%2C+bases%2C+and+fields.+In+terms+of+buddha-nature+theory%2C+it+is+often+treated+as+synonymous+with+terms+like+%27%27gotra%27%27+and+%27%27garbha%27%27+or+even+as+equivalents+of+buddha-nature+itself%2C+such+as+%27%27sugatagarbha%27%27. +
The+practical+approach+to+gaining+incontrovertible+conceptual+certainty+is+called+analytical+meditation+or+superior+insight.+%28%5B%5BBrunnh%C3%B6lzl%5D%5D%2C+%27%27%5B%5BThe+Center+of+the+Sunlit+Sky%5D%5D%27%27%2C+29%29%0A%0A%22Another+division+of+meditation+is+into+%E2%80%9Cthe+analytical+meditation+of+scholars%E2%80%9D+and+%E2%80%9Cthe+resting+meditation+of+mendicants%2C%E2%80%9D+or+simply+analytical+meditation+and+resting+meditation.+The+analytical+meditation+of+scholars+refers+to+the+intellectual+examination+of+all+phenomena+through+reasoning.+There+are+two+key+terms+here%3A+%E2%80%9Cdiscriminating+knowledge%E2%80%9D+and+%E2%80%9Cpersonally+experienced+wisdom.%E2%80%9D+The+first+step+in+this+analytical+meditation+is+to+cultivate+discriminating+knowledge.+This+refers+to+all+the+levels+of+increasingly+refined+inferential+valid+cognition+that+are+based+on+reasoning+and+developed+through+studying%2C+reflecting%2C+and+meditating.%22+%28%5B%5BBrunnh%C3%B6lzl%5D%5D%2C+%27%27%5B%5BThe+Center+of+the+Sunlit+Sky%5D%5D%27%27%2C+279%29%0A%0A%22The+general+scope+of+analytical+meditation+encompasses+all+of+the+teachings+of+the+Buddha%2C+starting+from+contemplating+impermanence+and+the+preciousness+of+human+existence+up+through+ascertaining+the+two+kinds+of+identitylessness.+Resting+meditation+includes+all+types+of+meditations+in+which+the+conclusions+achieved+through+preceding+investigation+become+absorbed+by+the+mind.%22+%28%5B%5BBrunnh%C3%B6lzl%5D%5D%2C+%27%27%5B%5BThe+Center+of+the+Sunlit+Sky%5D%5D%27%27%2C+281%29 +
Dzogchen%2C+or+Great+Perfection%2C+refers+more+specifically+to+the+nature+of+awareness%2C+which+is+the+innate+state+of+perfect+enlightenment+latent+in+the+mind.+More+broadly%2C+it+refers+to+the+associated+system+of+teachings%2C+theories%2C+and+practices. +
E
G
%27%27Gotra%27%27+is+used+in+Buddhist+literature+in+a+wide+variety+of+ways.+In+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+it+is+used+in+the+sense+of+family%2C+lineage%2C+or+type+to+classify+beings+according+to+their+innate+capacity+for+progress+on+the+path+to+enlightenment. +
H
The+term+was+used+mainly+by+the+proponents+of+the+Greater+Vehicle%2C+who+considered+the+goals%2C+understanding%2C+practices%2C+methods%2C+and+results+of+this+school+as+being+lesser+in+scope. +
I
Individuals+who+are+so+consumed+by+their+desires+or+by+a+particular+lifestyle+that+they+would+never+even+consider+the+need+for+self-improvement.+Therefore%2C+they+have+no+interest+in+following+any+spiritual+path%2C+let+alone+the+path+to+liberation. +
K
All+things+in+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+and+Vajray%C4%81na+Buddhism+are+said+to+be+primordially+empty+and+thus+pure+and+free+from+extremes+and+defilements.+More+specifically%2C+primordial+purity+refers+to+the+nature+of+consciousness+or+buddha-nature%2C+which+is+empty+by+nature+but+endowed+with+spontaneous+luminosity.+Primordial+purity+is+the+empty+aspect+of+the+buddha-nature+which+is+primordially+present+in+all+beings. +
The+Marpa+Kagyu+%28%27%27mar+pa+bka%E2%80%99+brgyud%27%27%29+tradition+originated+in+the+eleventh+century+with+the+Tibetan+translator+Marpa+Chokyi+Lodro%2C+who+studied+in+India+with+N%C4%81ropa.+Marpa%E2%80%99s+disciple+Milarepa+famously+attained+enlightenment+in+the+caves+of+southern+Tibet+after+renouncing+a+life+of+violent+revenge%3B+his+disciple+Gampopa+merged+the+lay+siddha+practice+of+his+master+with+the+Kadampa+monasticism+and+scholarship+that+he+had+previously+studied.+Gampopa+founded+the+first+Kagyu+monastery%2C+Daklha+Gampo%2C+in+southern+Tibet.+Following+Gampopa+the+tradition+split+into+multiple+autonomous+subsects+known+as+the+four+primary+%28Barom%2C+Pakdru%2C+Karma%2C+and+Tselpa%29%2C+and+eight+secondary+traditions+%28Drigung%2C+Drukpa%2C+Martsang%2C+Shukseb%2C+Taklung%2C+Tropu%2C+Yabzang%2C+and+Yelpa+Kagyu%29.+%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Ftreasuryoflives.org%2Ftradition%2FMarpa-Kagyu+Read+more+at+Treasury+of+Lives%5D +
A+highly+influential+and+important+Tantric+corpus+throughout+Tibetan+Buddhism%2C+especially+for+the+Sakya%2C+Geluk%2C+and+Jonang+traditions. +
L
Lam+rim+has+the+sense+of+gradual+or+graded+practice+starting+from+basic+techniques+to+cultivate+the+thoughts+of+renunciation%2C+compassion+and+loving+kindness%2C+etc.+to+insight+into+ultimate+emptiness. +
M
It+has+a+sense+of+being+the+binding+force+and+refers+to+the+reality+of+all+things.+Just+as+a+seal+makes+a+document+binding%2C+reality+binds+all+things%2C+including+our+understanding+of+the+true+nature+of+things.+It+also+refers+to+a+symbolic+gesture. +
Mah%C4%81yoga+is+great+or+supreme+with+respect+to+outer+tantras+and+focuses+on+the+skill-in-means%2C+thus+mainly+refers+to+what+are+known+as+male+tantras. +
It+is+known+as+the+Great+Vehicle+in+comparison+to+the+earlier+schools+of+Buddhism+which+aimed+only+to+reach+individual+liberation.+Thus%2C+this+system+claims+to+be+superior+to+the+early+Buddhist+schools+in+terms+of+the+philosophical+understanding+of+reality+and+the+moral+scope+of+rescuing+all+sentient+beings. +
N
According+to+Ives+Waldo%2C+it+is+similar+to+%27%27rang+bzhin%27%27%2C+but+when+referring+to+%27%27sugatagarbha%27%27%2C+%27%27ngo+bo%27%27+refers+to+the+emptiness+part%2C+whereas+%27%27rang+bzhin%27%27+refers+to+the+luminosity+or+clarity+part. +
Also+known+as+the+analytic+tradition+%28%27%27thos+bsam+gyi+lugs%27%27%29%2C+literally%2C+%22the+tradition+of+hearing+and+contemplating%2C%22+this+form+of+exegesis+explicated+the+%27%27Uttaratantra%27%27+through+philosophical+reasoning+and+debate+and+thus+entailed+a+primarily+scholastic+approach+to+the+treatise.+However%2C+both+the+Ngok+Tradition+and+its+opposing+counterpart%2C+the+Tsen+Tradition%2C+reportedly+came+from+a+single+source%2C+the+Kashmiri+scholar-yogi+Sajjana. +
Emanation+body+is+considered+as+an+apparitional+form+and+thus+not+the+actual+physical+form+of+a+buddha+but+one+projected+for+the+purpose+of+helping+sentient+beings.+This+concept+became+later+conflated+with+the+Tibetan+culture+of+religious+incarnation+and+many+lamas+who+are+considered+to+be+rebirths+of+earlier+ones+are+also+referred+to+as+trulku. +
The+selflessness+of+phenomena. +
Since+phenomena+are+dependent+on+causes+and+conditions%2C+their+mode+of+being+is+generally+characterized+as+an+absence+of+self-nature+or+personally+distinct+essence. +
That+which+is+unadulterated+by+the+complexities+or+artifice+of+thought+patterns. +
The+unadulterated+truth%2C+in+the+sense+of+something+that+is+taught+explicitly+without+any+underlying+intention+or+need+for+further+interpretation. +
O
The+natural+state+of+enlightenment+that+is+obscured+by+the+adventitious+stains. +
P
Reality+as+it+appears+to+an+enlightened+being%2C+in+which+all+phenomena+are+perceived+to+be+empty+of+an+individual%2C+permanent+essence.+This+is+contrasted+to+the+%22relative+truth%22+as+experienced+by+unenlightened+beings. +
The+relatively+dependent+nature+of+phenomena+and+the+consciousness+that+perceives+them. +
The+artificial+and+mistaken+perception+of+phenomena+as+being+something+which+they+are+not. +
Of+the+three+natures%2C+this+one+is+representative+of+the+ultimate+truth. +
This+is+the+type+of+negation+most+commonly+used+by+proponents+of+other-emptiness.+For+instance%2C+by+denying+the+existence+of+adventitious+stains%2C+they+imply+the+presence+of+enlightened+qualities. +
The+natural+radiance+of+mind. +
Radiance%2C+brilliance%2C+or+effulgence. +
One+of+the+most+important+terms+in+Buddhist+philosophy%2C+%27%27praj%C3%B1%C4%81%27%27%2C+or+%27%27sherab%27%27+in+Tibetan%2C+has+the+sense+of+%22higher+knowing%22+or+%22special+insight.%22+This+is+the+%27%27praj%C3%B1%C4%81%27%27+in+%27%27praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81%27%27%2C+and+it+is+associated+with+the+wisdom+that+perceives%2Fknows+the+actual+nature+of+reality.+See+also+%27%27j%C3%B1%C4%81na%27%27. +
The+term+itself+references+a+type+of+intelligence%2C+discernment%2C+or+knowledge+that+embodies+the+insight+which+transcends+the+notions+of+the+three+spheres+of+agent%2C+object%2C+and+action. +
The+term+has+the+sense+of+being+valid%2C+authentic+or+standard.+In+Buddhist+epistemology%2C+a+correct+cognition+is+considered+to+be+the+most+authentic+knowledge+or+accurate+measure+of+the+way+things+are. +
This+is+the+type+of+negation+that+is+associated+with+the+classical+Madhyamaka+presentation+of+emptiness%2C+in+which+that+absence+is+taken+literally.+It+is+typical+of+the+philosophical+position+that+became+known+as+self-emptiness. +
According+to+Dan+Martin%2C+it+%22seems+to+mean+rather+a+kind+of+friendly+opposition%2C+an+antidote%2C+a+harmony+restorer.%22 +
Because+the+pratyekabuddhas+work+on+their+own+to+seek+enlightenment+for+themselves%2C+they+are+considered+as+self-centred%2C+but+because+they+are+superior+to+the+%C5%9Br%C4%81vakas+but+inferior+to+the+buddhas+in+their+calibre%2C+they+are+called+middling+buddhas. +
In+Madhyamaka+thought+it+is+used+to+describe+the+relative+level+of+the+truth.+Since+phenomena+come+into+being+interdependently+at+this+level%2C+they+are+therefore+empty+of+inherent+existence+at+the+ultimate+level. +
Moral-ethical+disciplinary+rules+that+act+as+a+restraint+on+one%27s+behavior+due+to+their+requirements+to+abide+by+a+specific+code+of+conduct. +
The+Sanskrit+and+Tibetan+terms+p%C4%81ramit%C4%81+and+phar+phyin+imply+crossing+over+or+reaching+the+other+side+because+these+practices+help+the+individual+practitioner+to+cross+the+ocean+of+cycle+of+existence+and+reach+Buddhahood. +
R
Since+relative+phenomena+arise+in+dependence+on+causes+and+conditions%2C+they+cannot+be+said+to+exist+based+solely+on+their+own+defining+characteristics.+Thus+they+are+deemed+to+be+empty+of+an+innate+nature.+As+a+noun%2C+this+term+generally+refers+to+the+more+traditional%2C+or+orthodox%2C+philosophical+stance+of+the+Madhyamaka+school+and+its+view+of+emptiness%2C+as+opposed+to+those+who+profess+other-emptiness+%28%27%27gzhan+stong%27%27%29.+For+the+latter+group%2C+self-emptiness+is+also+asserted+to+be+true%2C+but+it+is+only+used+to+describe+the+relative+truth.+However%2C+for+traditional+M%C4%81dhyamikas%2C+emptiness+is+universally+applied%2C+and+thus+the+lack+of+inherent+existence+is+itself+the+ultimate+truth. +
S
Fluidity%2C+in+that+it+is+a+potential+that+is+developed+through+personal+habits+of+study%2C+practice%2C+and+exposure+to+a+particular+vehicle+of+Buddhism. +
The+term+often+refers+to+the+new+translation+of+Buddhist+texts+in+contrast+to+the+translations+carried+out+in+the+first+millennium%2C+particularly+of+the+tantric+literature.+The+tantric+tradition+which+is+based+on+the+tantras+translated+in+the+period+of+Early+Diffusion+of+Buddhism+in+Tibet+came+to+be+known+as+sngags+rnying+ma+or+ancient+mantra+and+those+based+on+tantras+translated+during+the+Later+Diffusion+came+to+known+as+sngags+gear+ma+or+new+mantra. +
The+enjoyment+body+of+the+buddha+is+so+called+for+its+perfect+and+luxurious+nature.+It+is+the+highest+physical+form+and+normally+enumerated+as+one+of+the+three+enlightened+bodies+of+a+buddha+beside+truth+and+emanation+bodies. +
Reality+as+it+is+experienced+by+ordinary+people+whose+perception+is+clouded+by+ignorance%2C+in+contrast+to+%22ultimate+truth%22+or+%22absolute+truth%2C%22+which+is+reality+as+perceived+by+an+enlightened+being.+Relative+truth+has+practical+value+in+daily+life%2C+but+upon+examination+all+phenomena+are+found+to+be+empty+of+individual%2C+permanent+existence. +
The+essence+of+enlightenment+present+in+all+sentient+beings. +
An+innate+attribute+that+establishes+the+completely+independent+existence+of+an+entity%2C+which+is+typically+refuted+in+the+Madhyamaka+notion+of+emptiness. +
Mind+seeing+mind.+The+classic+example+is+that+of+a+lamp+that+illuminates+the+surrounding+area+as+well+as+itself. +
S%C5%ABtras+originally+referred+to+the+aphoristic+sayings+and+discourses%2C+although+one+can+find+many+exegetical+and+descriptive+s%C5%ABtras.+In+the+Buddhist+tradition%2C+s%C5%ABtras+are+generally+considered+to+be+the+words+of+the+Buddha+or+his+immediate+disciples%2C+in+contrast+to+the+commentarial+or+synoptic+literature%2C+some+of+which+summarized+and+condensed+the+teachings+in+the+s%C5%ABtras. +
T
The+term+implies+a+continuum+or+stream+and+is+thus+used+to+refer+to+scriptures+which+teach+a+substrate+nature%2C+such+as+buddha-nature%2C+that+underlies+empirical+phenomena. +
A+synonym+for+emptiness+or+the+nature+of+things%2C+%27%27dharmat%C4%81%27%27%3B+it+can+also+be+used+to+describe+the+unity+of+dependent+origination+and+emptiness.+%28Source%3A+Erik+Pema+Kunsang%2C+%27%27Lamp+of+Mahamudra%27%27%2C+1989.%29 +
The+seed+or+essence+of+enlightenment.+%27%27Tath%C4%81gata%27%27+loosely+translates+as+%22one+who+has+gone+to+a+state+of+enlightenment%2C%22+while+%27%27garbha%27%27+has+the+sense+of+%22womb%2C%22+%22essence%2C%22+and+%22embryo.%22+Tath%C4%81gatagarbha+thus+suggests+a+potential+or+an+innate+buddhahood+possessed+by+all+sentient+beings+that+is+either+developed+or+revealed+when+one+attains+enlightenment. +
Reality+or+the+natural+state+of+things+are+called+suchness+or+thatness+in+order+to+indicate+that+reality+is+the+nature+as+it+is+without+any+any+fabrication+or+imputation. +
The+mind+in+its+natural+state.+Often+used+as+a+synonym+for+the+nature+of+mind+and+buddha-nature. +
Thugs+dam+generally+refers+to+meditation+and+spiritual+commitment+of+a+religious+practitioner+but+often+has+the+specific+meaning+of+remaining+in+the+state+of+meditation+after+death+in+the+Himalayan+Buddhist+tradition.+Highly+realised+beings+are+said+to+remain+in+this+state+for+period+after+their+death+until+their+enlightened+spirit+leaves+the+physical+body. +
The+three+aspects+of+perfect+enlightenment+of+a+buddha%3A+the+enlightened+state+of+one%27s+mind+after+full+transformation%2C+the+pure+physical+existence+one+attains+as+a+result+of+inner+perfection%2C+and+the+myriad+forms+one+can+emanate+from+the+enlightened+state+to+help+others. +
These+three+are+traditionally+featured+as+the+central+hub+in+depictions+of+the+so-called+wheel+of+life+%28Skt.+%27%27bh%C4%81vacakra%27%27%2C+Tib.+%27%27srid+pa%27i+%27khor+lo%27%27%29.+In+these+images+they+are+represented+by+a+pig+known+for+sleeping+in+their+own+filth+and+other+such+behavior+as+the+embodiment+of+%27%27moha%27%27%2C+a+type+of+Indian+bird+that+is+known+for+its+possessive+attachment+to+its+mate+as+the+embodiment+of+%27%27r%C4%81ga%27%27%2C+and+a+snake+that+is+quick+to+strike+at+the+slightest+provocation+as+the+embodiment+of+%27%27dve%E1%B9%A3a%27%27.+These+three+are+likewise+depicted+as+chasing+after%2C+or+being+pulled+along%2C+by+each+other+in+a+circle+to+demonstrate+how+these+emotional+reactions+feed+into+each+other+and+thus+perpetuate+this+cycle.+Though+sometimes+it+is+the+pig+which+is+pictured+biting+the+tails+of+both+the+bird+and+the+snake+to+show+that+both+those+emotional+responses+are+rooted+in+our+lack+of+understanding. +
Also+known+as+the+%22meditative+tradition%22+%28%27%27sgom+lugs%27%27%29%2C+this+form+of+exegesis+was+primarily+concerned+with+the+practical+application+of+the+teachings+contained+in+the+%27%27Uttaratantra%27%27+as+a+means+to+experience+buddha-nature+for+oneself.+However%2C+both+the+Tsen+Tradition+and+its+opposing+counterpart%2C+the+Ngok+Tradition%2C+reportedly+came+from+a+single+source%2C+the+Kashmiri+scholar-yogi+Sajjana. +
U
There+is+extensive+discussion+of+the+title+in+multiple+academic+sources.+For+further+information+about+the+text+and+its+title%2C+please+see+the+entry+for+this+text%2C+%27%27%5B%5BMah%C4%81y%C4%81nottaratantra%C5%9B%C4%81stra%5D%5D%27%27.+And+for+a+short+essay+on+the+translation+of+this+term%2C+see+%22%5B%5BContinuum+vs.+Teachings%5D%5D.%22 +
V
%27%27Vajra%27%27+has+a+variety+of+meanings+depending+on+the+context%2C+thus+it+is+often+left+untranslated.+For+instance%2C+it+can+refer+to+both+a+physical+diamond+and+something+which+has+the+physical+qualities+of+a+diamond+%28i.e.%2C+something+that+is+indestructible+or+indivisible%29.+In+this+latter+sense+it+is+often+rendered+as+%22adamantine.%22+In+the+%27%27Ratnagotravibh%C4%81ga%27%27+the+seven+main+topics+of+the+treatise+are+called+%22vajra%22+subjects+because+they+are+difficult+to+penetrate+through+an+understanding+that+is+arrived+at+through+merely+hearing+or+contemplating.+In+other+words%2C+they+require+direct+experience. +
An+adamantine+system+for+being+based+on+the+innate+nature+of+reality+and+using+the+state+of+Buddha+as+a+way+to+actualize+enlightenment. +
Vinaya+literally+means+taming%2C+subduing%2C+or+conquering+because+the+moral+precepts+and+vows+help+to+tame+the+practitioner+and+to+develop+the+good+discipline+necessary+for+spiritual+practice. +
Vipary%C4%81sa+is+the+mistaken+and+erroneous+understanding+of+the+way+things+are+but+also+has+the+connotation+of+having+a+totally+opposite+or+perverse+view+rather+than+a+minor+misunderstanding. +
A+fruition+that+comes+about+from+being+freed+or+separated%2C+rather+than+being+produced+anew. +
a
See+also+%5B%5B%C4%81vara%E1%B9%87a%7Cobscurations+%28%27%27%C4%81vara%E1%B9%87a%27%27%29%5D%5D.+%0A%0ASomething+which+has+been+incidentally+added+on+and+therefore+can+be+removed. +
A+central+tenet+of+the+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+school%2C+in+which+it+is+listed+as+the+eighth+consciousness.+It+is+also+sometimes+equated+with+tath%C4%81gatagarbha%2C+in+particular+in+its+latent+or+impure+form+at+the+stage+of+ordinary+sentient+beings. +
See+also+%5B%5B%C4%81gantukamala+%7Cadventitious+stains+%28%27%27%C4%81gantukamala%27%27%29%5D%5D +
b
Enlightenment+has+the+sense+of+complete+actualization+of+one%27s+true+nature+or+total+understanding+of+reality+and+freedom+from+suffering+that+comes+from+achieving+that+realization.+%0A%0AEnlightenment+%28Skt.%2C+%27%27bodhi%27%27%3B+Tib.%2C+%27%27byang+chub%27%27%29+is+a+state+that+can+potentially+be+attained+by+any+being+with+a+mind.+The+very+nature+of+the+mind+as+a+clear+and+radiant+entity%2C+and+of+the+defilements+as+adventitious+entities+that+are+not+essential+to+our+nature%2C+is+what+allows+for+the+possibility+of+mental+purification%2C+and+hence+of+enlightenment.+The+clearest+doctrinal+formulation+of+this+idea+is+to+be+found+in+the+concept+of+buddha-nature+%28%27%27tathagatagarbha%27%27%3B+%27%27de+bzhin+gshegs+pa%27i+snying+po%27%27%29.+Whether+buddha-nature+is+the+primordial+presence+of+an+enlightened+state+in+the+minds+of+beings%2C+something+that+merely+needs+to+be+uncovered%2C+or+only+a+potential+that+permits+the+attainment+of+that+state+is+of+course+a+disputed+point+in+the+tradition.+Here%2C+it+is+only+important+to+note+that+the+vast+majority+of+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+schools+maintain+that+all+beings%2C+regardless+of+birth%2C+race%2C+social+status%2C+and+gender%2C+are+capable+of+the+attainment+of+the+state+of+human+perfection+known+as+enlightenment.%0ASource%3A+page+192%2C+%E2%80%9CLiberation%3A+An+Indo-Tibetan+Perspective%E2%80%9D+by+Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio+Cabez%C3%B3n.+Buddhist-Christian+Studies%2C+Vol.+12+%281992%29%2C+pp.+191-198+Published+by%3A+University+of+Hawai%27i+Press+Stable+URL%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1389971 +
g
A+proxy+term+for+buddha-nature+found+in+tantric+literature. +
j
Also+called+Settling+meditation+%28Skt.+%27%27sth%C4%81pyabh%C4%81van%C4%81%27%27%3B+Tib.+%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%2C+%27%27jokgom%27%27+or+%27%27jok+gom%27%27%2C+Wyl.+%27%27+%27jog+sgom%27%27%29+%E2%80%94+the+counterpart+of+analytical+meditation.+The+practice+of+settling+or+resting+the+mind%2C+which+is+alternated+with+periods+of+analysis+or+visualization.%0A%0ARingu+Tulku+Rinpoche+says%3A%0A%22Whenever+we+reach+a+conclusion%2C+or+simply+get+tired%2C+we+just+remain%2C+settled+in+peace.+This+part+is+a+little+like+shamatha.%22+%28Source%3A+Rigpa+Wiki%29%0A%0A%22In+placement+meditation+one+goes+directly+into+deep+Shamatha+meditation+and+then+one+%22looks+at+mind%22+directly+without+any+analysis+and+perceives+its+emptiness.%22+%28Thrangu+Rinpoche%2C+%27%27Transcending+Ego%27%27%2C+86%29. +
k
This+term+entered+the+Tibetan+lexicon+as+a+translation+of+%27%27%C4%81laya%27%27%2C+and+thus+it+is+often+rendered+back+to+its+Sanskrit+antecedent+in+modern+scholarship+and+translations.+However%2C+as+a+Tibetan+term%2C+it+is+more+commonly+read+literally+as+the+compound+%27%27all-ground%27%27%2C+or+%27%27ground+of+everything%27%27.+As+such+it+is+often+used+to+describe+a+common+locus%2C+or+substrate%2C+out+of+which+both+sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+and+nirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+emerge. +
s
It+is+the+means%2C+method+or+technique+of+achieving+a+spiritual+goal+or+power%2C+and+thus+deals+with+the+process+of+practice+but+does+not+explain+or+discuss+concepts+or+theories.+A+s%C4%81dhana+is+almost+always+a+practical+manual+written+for+practice+on+a+specific+deity. +
It+is+an+important+term+in+the+Mah%C4%81mudr%C4%81+teachings%2C+as+well+as+in+various+Tibetan+traditions+that+have+a+connection+to+buddha-nature+theory%2C+such+as+those+associated+with+other-emptiness+%28%27%27gzhan+stong%27%27%29. +
Because+they+mainly+rely+on+the+words+of+the+Buddha+in+their+spiritual+practice%2C+they+are+known+as+Hearers+or+Listeners.+The+%C5%9Br%C4%81vaka+vehicle+is+the+one+of+the+three+vehicles+or+y%C4%81nas+in+Buddhism+beside+the+vehicles+of+Solitary+Realizers+and+Bodhisattvas +
Though+emptiness+is+generally+predicated+on+the+dependent+origination+of+relative+phenomena%2C+it+is+a+dialectic+method+of+explaining+the+ultimate+truth+through+a+negative+assertion+and+thereby+highlighting+what+true+reality+lacks%2C+rather+than+making+a+positive+assertion+of+what+that+reality+actually+is. +