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A modern Tibetan biography is available on [https://www.tbrc.org/#!rid=W1KG17214 BDRC W1KG17214 ]: bco brgyad khri chen rin po che'i mdzad rnam mdor bsdus. Edited by Yon tan bzang po (P5949). Kathmandu, Nepal: Sachen International, 2008.
His Eminence Chogye Trichen Rinpoche, Ngawang Khyenrab Thupten Lekshe Gyatso, is the most senior Sakya Lama and the head of the Tsar sub-school of Sakya tradition. His Eminence is a renowned tantric master, a dedicated practitioner, an outstanding scholar, an eloquent poet, and embodies the wisdom, spirit and activities of the holy Dharma. His Eminence is a master of masters as most Tibetan Buddhist lineage holders are his disciples. Amongst these disciples are His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, and His Holiness the 41st Sakya Trizin, Ngawang Kunga, and His Eminence is regarded as the definitive authority on Kalacakra Tantra. In addition to His Eminence's stature among Tibetan lamas, the late King Birendra of Nepal awarded His Eminence "Gorkha Dakshin Babu", a tribute which has never been awarded to a Buddhist monk in Nepal before.
Born in 1919 in the Tsang province of Central Tibet into the Zhalu Kushang family of the Che clan, a lineage descended from the clear light gods, he was recognized as the reincarnation of the previous Chogye Rinpoche of Nalendra Monastery by the 13th Dalai Lama, Thupten Gyatso. Many auspicious and marveleous signs accompanied His Eminence's birth. His Eminence is the 26th patriarch of Phenpo Nalendra Monastery, North of Lhasa. Founded by Rongton Sheja Kunrig (1367-1449), Nalendra is one of the most important Sakya monasteries in Tibet. Wondrously, each generation of the Kushang family has produced no less than four sons, most of who have served as throne holders of many important monasteries including Nalendra, Zhalu and Ngor.
The name "Kushang" meaning 'royal maternal uncle' derived from the fact that many daughters from the family were married to numerous Sakya throne holders, one of whom, Drogon Chagna, was supreme ruler of Tibet, who succeeded Chogyal Phakpa.
The name "Chogye" means 'Eighteen' and comes from the time of Khyenrab Choje, the 8th abbot of Nalendra who also belonged to the aristocratic Kushang family. Khyenrab Choje, a great teacher possessing the direct lineage of Kalacakra received from Vajrayogini, was invited to be the abbot of Nalendra by Sakya Trizin Dagchen Lodro Gyaltsen (1444-1495). Khyenrab Choje visited the Emperor of China who was greatly impressed by the tantric scholar from Tibet and bestowed on him 'eighteen' precious gifts. From Khyenrab Choje the lineage of Chogye Rinpoches began.
At the age of twelve His Eminence was officially enthroned at the Phenpo Nalendra Monastery. In these early years he studied intensively all the basic liturgies and rituals of Nalendra Monastery. His two main root Gurus were the 4th Zimwog Tulku, Ngawang Tenzin Thrinley Norbu Palzangpo, the other main incarnate lama of Nalendra Monastery, and Dampa Rinpoche Shenphen Nyingpo of Ngor Ewam. From these two great teachers His Eminence recieved all the major and minor teachings of Sakya such as the two Lamdre Traditions, the Greater and Lesser Mahakalas, the Four Tantras, the Thirteen Golden Dharmas, Kalacakra, etc. His Eminence completed extensive studies in all major fields of study taught in Lord Buddha's teachings. His Eminence becomes a master in both Sutrayana and Mantrayana teachings. His Eminence is also a great scholar of literature, poetry, history and Buddhist metaphysics and a highly accomplished poet. ([https://www.yuloling.com/khacho-yulo-ling/spiritual-leaders/his-eminence-chogye-trichen-rinpoche.html Source Accessed June 16, 2020])
Chokro Lüi Gyaltsen (Tib. ཅོག་རོ་ཀླུའི་རྒྱལ་མཚན་, Wyl. cog ro klu'i rgyal mtshan) — together with the pandita Jinamitra, he translated into Tibetan, texts on Vinaya, as well as important commentaries on the ''Abhidharma-samuccaya''. With the pandita Jñanagarbha he translated Nagarjuna's ''Mulamadhyamaka-karika'' and Bhavaviveka's ''Prajñapradipa''. He also assisted Vimalamitra and Vairotsana in translating many tantras.
Along with Kawa Paltsek, he was sent to India by king Trisong Detsen to invite Vimalamitra to Tibet. He later received the Vima Nyingtik teachings from Vimalamitra in Samyé.
His later incarnations include Karma Lingpa.
([https://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Chokro_L%C3%BCi_Gyaltsen Source Accessed Oct 1, 2025]) +
Chone Drakpa Shedrub was a Geluk scholar and yogi famous for his knowledge of sutra and tantra, who stood out even among the most learned scholars of his time. Educated at Sera and based at Chone, where he did most of his teaching, he authored many commentaries on sutra and tantra, which are collected in eleven volumes. +
Translator of the ''Vimalakīrtinirdeśasūtra'' and the ''Ratnameghasūtra''. +
Prof. Chow Su-Chia is a scholar and translator, particularly known for his work in translating Buddhist texts. He is mentioned in the context of translating the ''Sutra of the Master of Healing'' into English. +
Chris Kang is Professor in Religion and Contemplative Studies – an independent scholar with special interest in Christian theology and Asian philosophies. He is founder of Awarezen, a digital meditation centre and academy providing online courses on meditation and spirituality for human flourishing and transcendence beyond religious boundaries. He received his PhD in Studies in Religion from The University of Queensland (Australia) in 2003. For nearly two decades, Chris has lectured in Australia at The University of Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland University of Technology, Nan Tien Institute, Queensland Health, and various Buddhist centres. Chris has over 15 years of clinical occupational therapy practice in Australia and Singapore. As a Singapore Government Public Service Commission scholar, he was awarded a Bachelor of Occupational Therapy with First Class Honours from The University of Queensland in 1993. He received a Postgraduate Certificate in International Relations with Dean's Commendation in 2009, also from The University of Queensland. In 2008, he was invited by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and Professor Glyn Davis as one of 1,000 delegates to the Australia 2020 Summit at Parliament House, Canberra. Professionally, he is certified in Neurosemantics (2003) and Meta-Coaching (2004) from the International Society of Neurosemantics (USA) and Meta-Coach Foundation (USA). From 2016 to 2018, he was Assistant Professor in Health and Social Sciences (Occupational Therapy) at the Singapore Institute of Technology.
Chris directs his academic research and teaching at Asian Centre for Creative Theology. His current research program focuses on Christian theology and Reformed epistemology in comparisons with Buddhist, Confucianist, Daoist, Hindu, and Tantric philosophies from an Asia-centric perspective pivoting on China and India. He also has scholarly interests in Arabic and Continental philosophy. He has over 200 publications and presentations including seven books in Asian and Biblical contemplative wisdoms. His books include ''One in Christ'' (2019), ''The Tantra of Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar: Critical Comparisons and Dialogical Perspectives'' (2017), ''Resting in Christ'' (2015), ''Growing in Christ'' (2015), ''Reclaiming Dhamma: Teachings on Critical Buddhism'' (2014), ''Dhamma Stream: A Garland of Writings on Dhamma, Self, and Society'' (2013), ''Wise Mind Warm Heart'' (2010), and ''The Meditative Way: Readings in the Theory and Practice of Buddhist Meditation'' (1997; co-edited with Rod Bucknell). His academic articles have appeared in ''Asian Journal of Occupational Therapy''; ''Australian Occupational Therapy Journal''; ''Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy''; ''Contemplativa: Journal of Contemplative Studies''; ''Journal of Buddhist Ethics''; ''Mindfulness''; ''Philosophy East and West''; and ''Journal of Reformed Theology''. He is general editor of an open access, open peer review journal ''Contemplativa: Journal of Contemplative Studies''.
Chris Mortensen is emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Adelaide and a fellow of the Academy of Humanities of Australia. His research interests are in logic, metaphysics, philosophy of science, and Buddhism. His publications include Inconsistent Mathematics (1995) and articles in the ''Journal of Symbolic Logic'', the ''Journal of Philosophical Logic'', ''Synthese'', ''Erkenntnis'', the ''Australasian Journal of Philosophy'', ''Philosophy East and West'', and other journals. (Source: ''Pointing at the Moon: Buddhism, Logic, Analytic Philosophy'') +
Chris Tomlinson is the senior software developer at BDRC. An innovative programmer, hacker, and researcher from Sun Microsystems who had discovered Buddhism, she relied on TBRC to access Tibetan Buddhist texts online. One day when the site went down, she called the office and Gene Smith picked up. Chris would spend the next two decades as a key technologist for BDRC, helping to share the Dharma globally and transforming the way people access Buddhist literature. ([https://m.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=10162813356912355&id=45559157354#_=_ Source Accessed June 28, 2023]) +
Christel Matthias Schröder (born January 16 , 1915 in Elsfleth ; † March 14 , 1996 in Bremen ) was a German Protestant pastor and religious scholar.
Schröder was the son of a senior government councilor. He studied Protestant theology at the University of Tübingen and at the University of Marburg. He received his doctorate phil. in Marburg. He then worked as a pastor in Jever. The British occupying forces appointed Schröder as the first post-war mayor of Jever (term of office: May 8 , 1945 to July 31, 1945). In 1951 he was initially appointed to the second pastorate at the St. Ansgarii parish in Bremen-Schwachhausen. He also gave his sermons in Low German. He was not only a respected pastor, but also very valued as a mediator of literature and art. Since 1961 he has published the handbook series The Religions of Humanity. In 1972, on the occasion of the anniversary of the Reformation, he gave a lecture about the reformer Heinrich von Zütphen, who gave the first Reformation sermon in Bremen in the St. Ansgarii Church in 1522.
After his retirement, Christel Matthias Schröder worked for German Press Research at the University of Bremen. ([https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christel_Matthias_Schr%C3%B6der Source Accessed Dec 7, 2023]) +
Christian Bernert (MA) comes from Austria where he studied Tibetology at the University of Vienna until 2009. He embarked on the Buddhist path in 1999 under the guidance of Khenchen Amipa Rinpoche. Since 2001 he has been studying at IBA, where he currently works as language program coordinator and translator. Christian is a founding member of the Chödung Karmo Translation Group. ([https://conference.tsadra.org/past-event/the-2014-tt-conference/ Source Accessed Jul 20, 2020])
His dissertation was published as a book-length translation: ''Perfect or Perfected? Rongtön on Buddha-Nature: A Commentary on the Fourth Chapter of the Ratnagotravibhāga'' (v v.1.27-95[a]). Kathmandu: Vajra Books, 2018. +
Degree in English, teacher of French, professional translator; completed two three-year retreats at Chanteloube, France, 1980–1985 and 1990–1993; founding member of Padmakara Translation Group. Tsadra Foundation Fellow since 2002.
Declaring himself “methodical and particular” to the point of excess, Christian Bruyat is pleased that working with Tsadra allows him the extra time to try and do accurate translations. Coupled with this drive he has an “uncanny ability” to find translation errors “even when I read the works of others who are much more worthy than me, and are big scholars.” He does not mean to be arrogant or irritating, and attributes his knack to “some kind of karma with Tibetan …” Since at age five he informed his parents that he intended to marry a Japanese lady when he grew up—he married a Chinese woman instead—one might well agree that some sort of past-life Asian connection seems to be at play in Christian’s life.
He has had the fortunate destiny to spend five years with Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche in Nepal and Bhutan. Appropriately enough, Dzogchen teachings are Christian’s favorite and most inspiring scriptural material, especially the works of Longchenpa, Patrul Rinpoche, and Mipham Rinpoche.
Previously Published Translations<br>
• Le Chemin de la Grande Perfection, Patrul Rinpoché (and preliminary work on the draft of its English version, The Words of My Perfect Teacher, with Charles Hastings)
'''Completed Projects as a Tsadra Foundation Fellow'''<br>
• Mahasiddhas, La vie de 84 sages de l’Inde, Abhayadatta (with Patrick Carré)
• Le Précieux Ornement de la libération, Gampopa
• Perles d’ambroisie (3 vols.), Kunzang Palden (with Patrick Carré)
• Bodhicaryavatara, La Marche vers l’Éveil, Shantideva (with Patrick Carré) +
Christian Charrier holds a Masters degree in English and a diploma in psycholinguistics. He was a translator for Geshe Tengye in France, and he completed a three-year retreat under Lama Gendun Rinpoche in le Bost, France. He has been a translation consultant for Tsadra Foundation from 2002–2003 and has been a Tsadra Foundation Fellow since 2004.
'''Current Projects as a Tsadra Foundation Fellow:'''<br>
1) ''Le Fruit final'': mThar phyin 'bras bu'i rang bzhin rim par phye ba, vol. 10 of the TOK / vol. 6 in the French series. By Jamgön Kongtrul.
2) ''La Pratique des tantras'': sKabs gsum pa: gSang sngags rdo rje theg pa'i sgom rim rgyud gtso bor byed pa sphyir bstan pa'i skabs, vol. 8.3 of the TOK and vol. 5 in the French series. By Jamgön Kongtrul.
3) ''Les Terres et les voies'', TOK volume 4 (in French). By Jamgön Kongtrul.
'''Completed Projects as a Tsadra Foundation Fellow:'''<br>
*''Marpa, maître de Milarépa, sa vie, ses chants'', Tsang Nyeun Hérouka
*''Vie de Jamgœun Kongtrul, écrite par lui-même'', Jamgön Kongtrul
*''L’Ondée de sagesse, Chants de la lignée Kagyu'', Karmapa Mikyeu Dorje, Tènpai Nyinjé
*''Rayons de lune, Les étapes de la méditation du Mahamudra'', Dakpo Tashi Namgyal
*''Au Coeur du ciel Vol I and II'', Pawo Rinpoche, the Eighth Karmapa Mikyö Dorje (from the English translation by Karl Brunnhölzl – ''The Centre of the Sunlit Sky'')
*''Lumière de diamant'', de Dakpo Tashi Namgyal
*''Mémoires: La Vie et l’œuvre de Jamgön Kongtrul'', by Jamgön Kongtrul, new edition
*''Traité de la Continuité suprême du Grand Véhicule - Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra, avec le commentaire de Jamgön Kongtrul Lodreu Thayé L'Incontestable Rugissement du lion''. Plazac: Éditions Padmakara, 2019.
*''Les Systèmes Philosophiques Bouddhistes'', Éditions Padmakara, 2020. Jamgön Kongtrul.
*''Les Tantras bouddhistes'', Éditions Padmakara, 2022. Jamgön Kongtrul.
'''Previously Published Translations:'''<br>
*''Kalachakra'', Dalai Lama
*''La Roue aux lames acérées'', Dharmarakshita, commentary by Geshé Tengyé
*''La Voie progressive vers l’éveil'', Jé Tsong Khapa ([http://tsadra-wp.tsadra.org/translators/christian-charrier/ Source: Tsadra.org])
Christian Coseru is an associate professor of philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at the College of Charleston. He works in the fields of philosophy of mind, Phenomenology, and cross-cultural philosophy, especially Indian and Buddhist philosophy in dialogue with Western philosophy and cognitive science. He has recently published a book, ''Perceiving Reality: Consciousness, Intentionality, and Cognition in Buddhist Philosophy'' (OUP, 2012) that develops a view of Buddhist epistemology, in the tradition of Dignaga and Dharmakirti, as continuous with the phenomenological methods and insights of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, as well as with naturalistic approaches to epistemology and philosophy of mind. In 2012 he co-directed (with Jay Garfield and Evan Thompson) an NEH Summer Institute exploring the convergence of analytic, phenomenological, and Buddhist perspectives in the investigation of consciousness. He is currently completing a book manuscript on the intersections between perceptual and affective consciousness, tentatively entitled ''Sense, Self-Awareness, and Subjectivity''.
Before joining the Philosophy Department at the College of Charleston, he taught in the Centre for Asian Societies and Histories at the Australian National University. He received his Ph.D. from the Australian National University in 2005; He also holds a B.A. and M.A. in philosophy from the University of Bucharest. While at ANU, he also worked on a proof of concept model for parsing Sanskrit based on the Interlingua System (the project was funded by an ARC grant). He has and continues to travel extensively for research. He spent four and a half years in India in the mid 1990s pursuing studies in Sanskrit and Indian Philosophy. While in India, he was affiliated with several research institutes, including the Asiatic Society in Calcutta (1995-1996), the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute and De Nobili College in Pune (1993), and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath, Varanasi (1995-1997). He was a visiting scholar at Queens' College, Cambridge University in 2000, and at the Institut de Civilisation Indienne, Paris in 2001. ([https://www.christiancoseru.com/about Adapted from Source Nov 25,, 2024])
Christian Lindtner is Danish citizen, born in 1949. He received his PhD in Buddhist Studies in 1982 from the University of Copenhagen. He has published numerous books of translations from Oriental languages and edited many texts – mainly philosophical – for the first time from original manuscripts in Sanskrit and Tibetan (discovered in libraries in Tibet, Mongolia, and India). He has been a contributor to many learned journals (history of religions, philosophy, history, philology). He has taught and lectured at many universities in Europe, USA, and Asia. ([https://codoh.com/library/authors/lindtner-christian/ Adapted from Source Feb 26, 2021]) +
Christine Boedler studied Anthropology, Sociology, and Psychology at the University of Bonn and the Free University of Berlin. She obtained her MA degree (Diploma) in 1982 with a thesis on Mexican Indigenous Development Policy from the Institute of Latin American Studies in Berlin. She then worked for an international consulting company in Germany and abroad and for UNHCR in the assistance programs for Central-American refugees in Mexico. In 1987 she joined the German Political Foundation Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung, Department of International Development Projects and was transferred to Brazil in 1991, where she served as director for projects in the fields of political education, public administration, environment, and human rights programs. From early on, she became interested in Buddhism and travelled extensively in Asia, and in 1997 she began to systematically dedicate herself to the study and practice of Tibetan Buddhism. Since 2001 she is a resident of "Khadro Ling" in Três Coroas, the seat of lCags-mdud-sprul-sku Padma-gar-gyi-dbang-phyug Rinpoche, where between 2005 and 2009 she has been in charge of the coordination of the overall art work (murals, statues and stūpa) of the newly built ''Zangs mdog dpal ri'' temple, working closely with the Asian artists and with Rig-’dzin-bsam-grub, a traditional Bhutanese ''bla ma'', skilled in the practice of construction and consecration of sacred Tibetan Buddhist structures.
Based on her valuable practical experience, her special research interests now lie in the underlying theories and instructions related to the filling and consecration of sacred Tibetan Buddhist structures such as statues and ''stūpas'', with special emphasis on fillings containing ''mantras'' and ''dhāraṇīs''. In order to deepen her knowledge she is now studying the autochthonous manual used during the field work, the ''rTen la nang gzhug ’bul ba’i lag len lugs srol kun gsal dri bral nor bu chu shel gyi me long'' (contained in TBRC-W23723) by Kong-sprul Blo-gros-mtha'-yas (1813–1899). She is currently working on a critical edition and a translation of this manual and pursuing a PhD at the Department of Indian and Tibetan Studies, Asia-Africa Institute, University of Hamburg, under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Dorji Wangchuk. ([https://www.kc-tbts.uni-hamburg.de/de/kc-tbts/personen/boedler.html Source Accessed Nov 3, 2025])
Christine Cox is an editor known for her work on Buddhist literature, particularly in collaboration with prominent figures such as the Dalai Lama. She has edited several books that bridge Buddhist teachings and practices, making them accessible to a wider audience. Cox has contributed to works like ''Selected Works of the Dalai Lama I: Bridging the Sutras and Tantras'', where she played a role in curating and presenting the teachings of the Dalai Lama. Additionally, she has been involved in projects that explore spiritual concepts such as Bodhicitta, an altruistic state of mind, as highlighted in her editorial work. (Generated by Perplexity Mar 12, 2025]) +
A specialist on medieval Daoism, Christine Mollier is the author of numerous works in that field including the award-winning book, ''Une apocalypse taoïste du Ve siècle, Le Livre des incantations divines des grottes abyssales'' (Collège de France, 1990). She has collaborated in ''The Taoist Canon project'' (Univ. of Chicago Press, 2004), and ''The Encyclopedia of Taoism'' (Routledge, 2008).
As a member, since 1990, of the French research team on Dunhuang studies, she is co-author of the fifth volume of the ''Catalogue des manuscrits chinois du fonds Pelliot de Dunhuang'' (1995) and participated in several other major Dunhuang projects. More recently she has focused her research on the domain of Buddho-Daoist interactions, dealing not only with texts but also with iconography. Her major works in this field are ''Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic Exchange in Medieval China'' (Univ. of Hawaii Press, 2008, awarded the Stanislas Julien Prize of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, 2008), and “Iconizing the Daoist-Buddhist Relationship: Cliff Sculptures in Sichuan during the Reign of Emperor Tang Xuanzong", (''Daoism: Religion, History and Society'' 2010-2 Chinese University of Hong Kong).
She is currently working on a book project on apotropaic talismans, investigating Eastern Han archeological finds and Dunhuang and Central Asian documents. ([https://www.crcao.fr/membre/christine-mollier/?lang=en Source Accessed June 20, 2023]) +
Christoph Cüppers studied Indology and Tibetology at the University of Hamburg following seven years at the University of Düsseldorfer Kunstakademie. From 1983 to 1988, he served as Deputy Director and Director at the Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project. Since 1995, he is Director of the Lumbini International Research Institute. In his research, he focuses on the history of 17th century Tibet, Tibetan law and the state administration, as well as on cultural exchanges between Tibetan and Nepal. (Source: ''Handbook of Tibetan Iconometry'') +
Beckwith has taught at IU for 45 years, in which time he has developed 48 distinct courses. He is one of the most prolific and versatile researchers in the field of Central Eurasian studies. Beckwith is renowned for revolutionary scholarship that reshapes understanding of how, why and when the Central Eurasian steppe peoples from Eastern Europe to East Asia influenced the development of knowledge, religious beliefs and societies, not only within their homeland but in the neighboring peripheral cultures of Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia as well. His research focuses on the history of ancient and medieval Central Eurasia and the cultures of the peripheral peoples, as well as the linguistics of Aramaic, Chinese, Japanese, Koguryo, Old Tibetan, Scythian, Turkic, and other languages.
He has been named a MacArthur Fellow, a Guggenheim Fellow, a Fulbright-Hays Fellow, and a Japan Foundation fellow and has had numerous visiting appointments around the United States and the world. He has authored 12 books and over 60 articles. ([https://hls.indiana.edu/faculty/beckwith-christopher.html Source Accessed Feb 24, 2023]) +
Christopher Bell, PhD, is an associate professor of religious studies at Stetson University. He received his bachelor of arts degree in creative writing and religions and his master of arts degree in religious studies from Florida State University. He received his doctoral degree from the University of Virginia, where his area of concentration has been in Tibetan and Buddhist studies. He has experience as a teaching assistant and as an instructor at both Florida State University and at the University of Virginia, as well as experience for one year as a teaching associate at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in Hong Kong. During his graduate program he was awarded a Fulbright Institute of International Education Graduate Fellowship for International Study and completed extensive multi-country field research in the Chinese cities of Xining, Chengdu, and Lhasa, Tibet, as well as in Dharamsala, India. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society. ([https://www.stetson.edu/other/faculty/christopher-bell.php Source Accessed Oct. 31, 2023]) +
