Property:EncodedBio
This is a property of type Text.
A
I+do+research+on+philosophy+of+education+and+ethics%2C+drawing+from+and+comparing+Japanese+philosophy+%28the+Kyoto+School+of+Philosophy%29%2C+American+philosophy+%28contemplative+pedagogy%2C+care+ethics%2C+Deweyan+philosophy%29%2C+and+continental+philosophy+%28existential+education%2C+post-structuralism%29.+I+am+particularly+interested+in+the+ethical%2C+existential%2C+and+spiritual+aspects+of+education%2C+and+the+kind+of+human+relationships+involved+therein.+My+Ph.D.+research+was+on+Watsuji+Tetsur%C3%B4+and+the+ethics+of+emptiness%2C+which+I+completed+under+Buddhist+philosopher+Sueki+Fumihiko+%28at+the+Graduate+University+of+Advanced+Studies%2C+based+in+Nichibunken%2C+Kyoto%29.+I+came+to+Kyushu+University+just+this+year+%282015%29%2C+but+prior+to+this+I+taught+in+the+Department+of+Philosophy+of+the+Ateneo+de+Manila+University+in+the+Philippines+for+five+years.+%28%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fasianstudies-kyushu.com%2Fstaff%2Fdr-anton-luis-sevilla%2F+Source+Accessed+Aug+6%2C+2020%5D%29 +
Franz+Anton+%28von%29+Schiefner+%28Russian+%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%2C+Anton+Antonovi%C4%8D+%C5%A0ifner%29+was+a+Baltic+German+linguist+and+ethnologist.+He+is+considered+one+of+the+founders+of+Uralistics%2C+Tibetology%2C+Mongolian+Studies+and+Caucasian+Studies.%0A%0AAnton+Schiefner+was+born+into+a+Baltic+German+merchant+family+in+Reval.+The+family+had+immigrated+to+Estonia+from+Bohemia+.+After+graduating+from+the+Knights+and+Cathedral+School+in+Reval+%28Tallinn%29%2C+he+studied+law+at+the+University+of+St.+Petersburg+from+1836+to+1840+and+Oriental+Studies+at+the+University+of+Berlin+from+1840+to+1842.%0A%0AFrom+1843+Schiefner+was+a+teacher+of+Latin+and+ancient+Greek+at+a+grammar+school+in+Saint+Petersburg%2C+from+1863+librarian+and+later+library+director+at+the+St.+Petersburg+Academy+of+Sciences.+From+1852+he+represented+the+subject+of+Tibetology+at+the+Academy%2C+of+which+he+was+an+associate+member+from+1854+until+his+death.+From+1860+to+1873+he+simultaneously+held+a+professorship+in+Latin+and+Greek+at+the+Roman+Catholic+Seminary.+In+the+years+1863%2C+1865+and+1878+he+stayed+in+England+for+research+purposes.+In+1866+he+was+appointed+Real+Councilor+of+State.+Schiefner+was+a+corresponding+member+of+the+Finnish+Literary+Society.%0A%0AWith+numerous+publications%2C+Schiefner+has+made+a+significant+contribution+to+research+into+Tibetan+and+Mongolian.+Milestones+were+his+editing+of+the+New+Testament+in+Mongolian+and+the+translation+of+Buddha+texts+from+Tibetan.+In+addition%2C+Schiefner+was+one+of+the+best+experts+on+Finno-Ugric+languages+%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bof+his+time.+He+is+famous+for+his+translation+of+the+Finnish+national+epic+%27%27Kalevala%27%27+under+the+title+%27%27Kalevala%2C+the+national+epic+of+the+Finns%27%27%2C+the+first+translation+into+the+German+language+%281852%29.+Between+1853+and+1862+he+published+the+work+of+the+young+man+in+twelve+volumes+Matthias+Alexander+Castr%C3%A9n%2C+who+laid+the+foundation+for+academic+study+of+the+Finno-Ugric+and+Samoyedic+languages+%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bof+Russia.+In+addition%2C+Schiefner+devoted+himself+to+the+languages+%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bof+the+Caucasus+and+topics+of+Indology.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnton_Schiefner+Source+Accessed+Aug+25%2C+2023%5D%29
Antonetta+L.+Bruno%27s+research+explores+linguistic+anthropology%2C+religions+and+popular+culture.+Among+her+publications+there+are+studies+on+shamanic+language%2C+language+strategies%2C+the+switching+levels+of+the+speech+and+the+emotional+transformation+in+religious+contexts+within+Korean+culture%2C+food%2C+film%2C+and+popular+culture.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucm.es%2Fsiim%2Fantonetta-bruno+Source+Accessed+Aug+11%2C+2023%5D%29 +
See+biography+at+Orgyen+Khamdroling%27s+website+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.orgyenkhamdroling.org%2Fbiography%5D +
%27%27%27Apang+Terchen+Orgyen+Trinl%C3%A9+Lingpa+%281895-1945%29%27%27%27%0A%0AChoktrul+Lozang+Tendzin+of+Trehor+studied+with+the+lord+Kunga+Palden+and+the+Ch%C3%B6%0Amaster+Dharma+Seng-g%C3%A9%2C+and+Apang+Terchen+in+turn+studied+with+Lozang+Tendzin.%0AApang+Terchen%2C+also+known+as+Orgyen+Trinl%C3%A9+Lingpa%2C+was+renowned+as+the+rebirth+of%0ARigdzin+G%C3%B6dem.+He+was+reputed+to+have+been+conceived+in+the+following+way%3A+Traktung%0ADudjom+Lingpa+focused+his+enlightened+intent+while+resting+in+the+basic+space%0Aof+timeless+awareness%2C+whereupon+Apang+Terchen%27s+mother+experienced+an+intense%0Asurge+of+delight.+This+caused+all+ordinary+concepts+based+on+confusion+to+be+arrested%0Ain+her+mind+for+a+short+time%2C+and+it+was+then+that+Apang+Terchen+was+conceived+in+her%0Awomb.2+From+that+moment+on%2C+his+mother+constantly+had+dreams+that+were+amazing%0Aomens.+For+example%2C+she+found+herself+among+groups+of+dakinis+enjoying+the+splendor%0Aof+ganachakras%2C+or+being+bathed+by+many+dakas+and+dakinis%2C+or+dwelling+in+pavilions%0Aof+light%2C+illuminating+the+entire+world+with+her+radiance.%0A%0AThe+child+was+born+one+morning+at+dawn%2C+in+the+area+of+Serta+in+eastern+Tibet%2C+his%0Amother+having+experienced+no+discomfort.+Her+dwelling+was+filled+with+%5B2.188a%5D+and%0Asurrounded+by+light%2C+as+though+the+sun+were+shining+brightly.+There+were+also+pavilions%0Aof+light%2C+and+a+fragrance+pervaded+the+entire+area%2C+although+no+one+could+tell%0Awhere+it+came+from.+Everyone+saw+numerous+amazing+signs+on+the+child%27s+body%2C+such%0Aas+a+tuft+of+vulture+feathers+adorning+the+crown+of+his+head.3+The+mother%27s+brother%2C%0AS%C3%B6nam+Dorj%C3%A9%2C+asked%2C+%22What+will+become+of+this+boy+who+has+no+father%3F+How+shameful%0Ait+would+be+if+people+saw+these+feathers%21%224+But+although+he+cut+the+feather+tuft%0Aoff+the+child%27s+head+several+times%2C+it+grew+back+on+its+own%2C+just+as+before.+This+upset%0AS%C3%B6nam+Dorj%C3%A9+even+more%2C+and+he+berated+his+sister+angrily%2C+saying+on+numerous+occasions%2C%0A%22How+could+your+child+have+no+father%3F+You+must+tell+me+who+he+is%21%22+His%0Asister+retorted%2C+%22With+the+truth+of+karma+as+my+witness%2C+I+swear+I+have+never+lain+with%0Aa+flesh-and-blood+man+of+this+world.+This+pregnancy+might+be+a+result+of+my+own%0Akarma.%22+She+became+so+extremely+depressed+that+her+fellow+villagers+couldn%27t+bear+it%0Aand+used+various+means+to+bring+a+halt+to+her+brother%27s+inappropriate+behavior.%0A%0AFrom+an+early+age%2C+this+great+master%2C+Apang+Terchen%2C+felt+an+innate+and+unshakable%0Afaith+in+Guru+Rinpoch%C3%A9+and+had+a+clear+and+natural+knowledge+%5B2.188b%5D+of+the+%27%27vajra+guru%27%27+%0Amantra+and+the+Seven-Line+Supplication.+He+learned+how+to+read+and+write%0Asimply+upon+being+shown+the+letters+and+exhibited+incredible+signs+of+his+spiritual+potential%0Aawakening.+For+example%2C+his+intelligence%2C+which+had+been+developed+through%0Atraining+in+former+lifetimes%2C+was+such+that+no+one+could+compete+with+him.+As+he%0Agrew+up%2C+he+turned+his+attention+toward+seeking+the+quintessential+meaning+of+life.%0AHe+studied+at+the+feet+of+many+teachers+and+mentors%2C+including+the+Nyingtik+master%0AGyatsok+Lama+Damlo+and+Terchen+Sogyal%2C+studying+many+of+the+mainstream+traditions%0Aof+the+sutras+and+tantras%2C+especially+those+of+the+kama+and+terma.%0A%0AThe+most+extraordinary+lord+of+his+spiritual+family+was+Trehor+Drakar+Tulku%2C5%0Awith+whom+he+studied+for+a+long+time%2C+receiving+the+complete+range+of+empowerments%2C%0Aoral+transmissions%2C+and+pith+instructions+of+the+secret+Nyingtik+cycles+of+utter+lucidity.%0AHe+went+to+solitary+ravines+throughout+the+region%2C+making+caves+and+overhangs%0Aon+cliffs+his+dwelling+places%2C+taking+birds+and+wild+animals+as+his+companions%2C+and%0Arelying+on+the+most+ragged+clothing+and+meager+diet.+He+planted+the+victory+banner%0Aof+spiritual+practice%2C+meditating+for+a+long+period+of+time.+He+was+graced+by+visions+of%0Aan+enormous+array+of+his+personal+meditation+deities%2C+%5B2.189a%5D+including+Tara%2C+Avalokiteshvara%2C%0AMa%C3%B1jushri%2C+Sarasvati%2C+and+Amitayus.+He+was+not+content+to+leave+the%0Atrue+nature+of+phenomena+an+object+of+intellectual+speculation%2C+and+his+realization%0Aprogressed+in+leaps+and+bounds.%0A%0AApang+Terchen+bound+the+eight+classes+of+gods+and+demons+%E2%80%94+including+such+spirits%0Aas+Nyenchen+Tanglha%2C+Ma+Pomra%2C+and+Sergyi+Drong-ri+Mukpo6+%E2%80%94+to+his+service.%0AHe+communicated+directly+with+Tsiu+Marpo%2C+the+white+form+of+Mahakala%2C+Ganapati%2C%0Aand+other+protective+deities%2C+like+one+person+conversing+with+another%2C+and+enjoined%0Athem+to+carry+out+his+enlightened+activities.+So+great+was+his+might+that+he+also+bound%0Athese+protective+deities+to+his+service%2C+causing+lightning+to+strike+and+so+forth%2C+so+that%0Athose+who+had+become+his+enemies+were+checked+by+very+direct+means%2C+before+years%2C%0Amonths%2C+or+even+days+had+passed.%0A%0ANotably%2C+he+beheld+the+great+master+of+Orgyen+in+a+vision+and+was+blessed+as+the%0Aregent+of+Guru+Padmakara%27s+three+secret+aspects.+On+the+basis+of+a+prophecy+he+received%0Aat+that+time%2C+Apang+Terchen+journeyed+to+amazing+holy+sites%2C+such+as+Draklha%0AG%C3%B6npo+in+Gyalrong%2C+Khandro+Bumdzong+in+the+lowlands+of+eastern+Tibet%2C+and+Dorj%C3%A9%0ATreldzong+in+Drakar%2C+where+he+revealed+countless+terma+caches+consisting+of+teachings%2C%0Aobjects+of+wealth%2C+and+sacred+substances.+He+revealed+some+of+them+in+secret%2C%0Aothers+in+the+presence+of+large+crowds.+In+these+ways%2C+he+revealed+a+huge+trove+of+profound%0Atermas.+%5B2.189b%5D+Those+revealed+publicly+were+brought+forth+in+the+presence+of%0Amany+fortunate+people+and+in+conjunction+with+truly+incredible+omens%2C+which+freed%0Aall+present+from+the+bonds+of+doubt+and+inspired+unshakable+faith+in+them.+Apang%0ATerchen%27s+fame+as+an+undisputed+siddha+and+tert%C3%B6n+resounded+throughout+the+land%2C+as%0Athough+powerful+enough+to+cause+the+earth+to+quake.+His+terma+teachings+are+found%0Ain+the+numerous+volumes+of+his+collected+works+and+include+%27%27The+Hidden+Treasure+of+Enlightened+Mind%3A+The+Thirteen+Red+Deities%27%27%2C+%0Apractices+focusing+on+the+Three+Roots%2C+cycles+concerning+guardian+deities+and+the+%0Aprinciple+of+enlightened+activity%2C+and+his+large+instruction+manual+on+Dzogchen+teachings.%0A%0AApang+Terchen%27s+students%2C+from+Dartsedo+in+the+east%2C+to+Repkong+in+Amdo+to+the%0Anorth%2C+to+the+three+regions+of+Golok+and+other+areas%2C+included+mentors+who+nurtured%0Athe+teachings+and+beings%2C+masters+such+as+those+known+as+the+%22four+great+illuminators%0Aof+the+teachings%2C%22+the+%22four+vajra+ridgepoles%2C11+the+%22four+named+Gyatso%2C%22+the+%22great%0Amasters%2C+the+paired+sun+and+moon%2C%22+and+Jangchub+Dorj%C3%A9+%28the+custodian+of+Apang%0ATerchen%27s+termas%29.7+He+also+taught+important+political+figures+who+exerted+great%0Ainfluence+over+the+people+of+their+areas%2C+including+the+%22four+great+chieftains+of+the%0Aregion+of+Dza+in+the+north%2C%22+%5B2.190a%5D+that+is%2C+Gets%C3%A9+Tsering+Dorj%C3%A9+of+Dza+in+the+northern%0Areaches+of+eastern+Tibet%2C+G%C3%B6nlha+of+Akyong+in+Golok%2C+Mewa+Namlo+of+the+M%C3%A9%0Aregion+of+Golok%2C+and+the+chieftain+of+Serta+in+Washul.+Apang+Terchen%27s+students+also%0Aincluded+countless+monks%2C+nuns%2C+villagers%2C+and+lay+tantric+practitioners.+He+transmitted%0Ahis+own+termas+and+the+great+Nyingtik+cycles+of+the+Dzogchen+teachings%2C+and+so%0Anumerous+were+those+he+guided+that+he+truly+embodied+the+enlightened+activity+of%0Aone+who+held+sway+over+the+three+realms.+In+these+times+of+spiritual+degeneration%2C+he%0Aalleviated+problems+caused+by+disease%2C+famine%2C+border+wars%2C+and+civil+unrest.+In+such%0Aways%2C+Apang+Terchen+rendered+great+service+to+the+land+of+Tibet.+His+kindness+to+the%0ATibetan+people+as+a+whole+was+truly+extraordinary%2C+for+he+worked+to+ensure+a+glorious%0Astate+of+peace+and+well-being.%0A%0ADuring+a+pilgrimage+to+Jowo+Yizhin+Norbu%2C+the+statue+of+the+lord+Shakyamuni+in%0ALhasa%2C+Apang+Terchen+paid+respect+to+many+tens+of+thousands+of+ordained+members%0Aof+the+sangha%2C+sponsoring+ganachakras%2C+making+offerings%2C+and+offering+meals%2C+tea%2C%0Aand+donations+at+such+monastic+centers+as+Sera%2C+Drepung%2C+and+Ganden.+He+sponsored%0Athe+gilding+of+statues+in+these+centers+and+in+such+ways+strove+to+reinforce+his+positive%0Aqualities.+Everyone+could+see+that+no+matter+how+many+avenues+he+found+to+extend%0Agenerosity%2C+his+resources+of+gold%2C+silver%2C+and+other+valuables+%5B2.190b%5D+continued+to%0Aincrease%2C+as+though+he+had+access+to+a+treasure+mine.%0A%0AAmong+his+heart+children+and+intimate+students+were+his+sons%2C+Gyurm%C3%A9+Dorj%C3%A9%2C%0AWangchen+Nyima%2C+and+Dotrul+Rinpoch%C3%A9%3B+his+daughter%2C+Tare+Lhamo%3B+and+the+custodian%0Aof+his+termas%2C+Jangchub+Dorj%C3%A9.+Until+recently%2C+Tare+Lhamo+lived+in+eastern+Tibet%2C%0Amaintaining+the+teachings.8%0A%0AThus+did+Apang+Terchen+benefit+beings+with+his+incredible+compassion+and+activities.%0AAs+his+life+was+nearing+an+end%2C+he+remarked%2C+%22For+the+sake+of+the+teachings+and%0Aof+beings%2C+I+must+enter+the+bloodline+of+the+glorious+Sakya+school.%22+This+fearless+lion%27s%0Aroar+proved+to+be+his+last+testament%2C+spoken+with+an+unobscured+awareness+of+past%2C%0Apresent%2C+and+future.+He+then+manifested+incredible+miracles+and+departed+for+the%0Agreat+palace+of+Pema+%C3%96.%0A%0A%0ASource%3A+Richard+Barron+translation+of+Nyoshul+Khenpo%2C+A+Marvelous+Garland+of+Rare+Gems%3A+Biographies+of+Masters+of+Awareness+in+the+Dzogchen+Lineage%2C+Padma+Publications%2C+2005%2C+pages+488-491.
Vaman+Shivram+Apte+was+an+Indian+lexicographer+and+a+professor+of+Sanskrit+at+Pune%27s+Fergusson+College.%0A%0AHe+is+best+known+for+his+compilation+of+a+dictionary%2C+The+Student%27s+English-Sanskrit+Dictionary.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVaman_Shivram_Apte+Wikipedia%5D%29 +
Ari+Goldfield+is+a+Buddhist+teacher.+He+had+the+unique+experience+of+being+continuously+in+the+training+and+service+of+his+own+teacher%2C+Khenpo+Ts%C3%BCltrim+Gyamtso+Rinpoche%2C+for+eleven+years.++From+1998-2009%2C+Ari+served+as+Khenpo+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+translator+and+secretary%2C+accompanying+Rinpoche+on+seven+round-the-world+teaching+tours.+Ari+received+extensive+instruction+from+Rinpoche+in+Buddhist+philosophy%2C+meditation%2C+and+teaching+methods%2C+and+meditated+under+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+guidance+in+numerous+retreats.+In+2006%2C+Khenpo+Rinpoche+sent+Ari+on+his+own+tour+to+teach+philosophy%2C+meditation%2C+and+yogic+exercise+in+Europe%2C+North+America%2C+and+Asia.+In+2007%2C+Ari+moved+with+Rinpoche+to+Seattle%2C+where+he+served+and+helped+care+for+him+until+Rinpoche+moved+back+to+Nepal+in+2009.+Ari+now+teaches+in+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+Karma+Kagyu+lineage%2C+with+the+blessings+of+the+head+of+the+lineage%2C+H.H.+the+17th+Gyalwang+Karmapa%2C+and+of+Khenpo+Rinpoche.%0A%0AAri+is+also+a+published+translator+and+author+of+books%2C+articles%2C+and+numerous+songs+of+realization+and+texts+on+Buddhist+philosophy+and+meditation.+These+include+Khenpo+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+books+%27%27Stars+of+Wisdom%27%27%2C+%27%27The+Sun+of+Wisdom%27%27%2C+and+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+%27%27Song+of+the+Eight+Flashing+Lances%27%27+teaching%2C+which+appeared+in+%27%27The+Best+Buddhist+Writing%27%27+2007.+He+is+a+contributing+author+of+%27%27Freeing+the+Body%2C+Freeing+the+Mind%3A+Writings+on+the+Connections+Between+Yoga+and+Buddhism%27%27.%0A%0AAri+studied+Buddhist+texts+in+Tibetan+and+Sanskrit+at+Buddhist+monasteries+in+Nepal+and+India%2C+and+at+the+Central+Institute+for+Higher+Tibetan+Studies+in+India.+In+addition+to+translating+for+Khenpo+Rinpoche%2C+he+has+also+served+as+translator+for+H.H.+Karmapa%2C+Tenga+Rinpoche%2C+and+many+other+Tibetan+teachers.+From+2007%E2%80%9311%2C+Ari+served+as+president+of+the+Marpa+Foundation%2C+a+nonprofit+organization+initiated+by+Khenpo+Rinpoche+that+supports+Buddhist+translation%2C+nunneries+in+Bhutan+and+Nepal%2C+and+other+Buddhist+activities.+Ari+holds+a+BA+from+Harvard+College+and+a+JD+from+Harvard+Law+School%2C+both+with+honors.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Finsightla.org%2Fteacher%2Fari-goldfield-2%2F+Source+Accessed+July+22%2C+2020%5D%29
Arne+Schelling+studied+Western+and+Chinese+medicine+in+Germany+and+China+and+now+works+as+a+physician+in+Berlin.+From+1995++to+2001+he+worked+to+develop+the+Kagyu+Centers+Theksum+Tashi+Ch%C3%B6ling+in+Hamburg+and+Kamalashila-Institute+in+Langenfeld%2C+Germany.+He+frequently+translates+%28from+English+to+German%29+for+masters+of+all+the+Tibetan+Buddhist+traditions%2C+in+Germany+and+Switzerland.+In+2001+Dzongsar+Khyentse+Rinpoche+appointed+Arne+as+president+of+Siddhartha%E2%80%99s+Intent+Europe%2C+and+he+later+became+a+country+representative+for+Khyentse+Foundation+in+Germany.+Since+2002+he+has+directed+the+film+project+%22Heart+Advice%2C%22+which+aims+to+preserve+the+essence+of+the+teachings+of+Tibetan+masters.+He+also+gives+instruction+at+several+Buddhist+centers+in+Germany. +
Born+in+Poland%2C+Arnold+Kunst+studied+first+at+the+University+of+Lw%C3%B3w.+He+later+studied+in+Vienna%2C+with+Erich+Frauwallner%2C+as+well+as+in+Warsaw%2C+with+Stanislaw+Schayer%3B+and+it+was+under+this+gifted+Warsaw+historian+of+Indian+philosophy+and+religion+that+he+took+his+doctorate.+His+thesis%2C+published+under+the+title+of+%27%27Probleme+der+buddhistischen+Logik+in+der+Darstellung+des+Tattvasa%E1%B9%85graha%27%27+%28Polska+Akademia+Umiej%C8%A9tno%C5%9Bci%2C+Prace+komisji+orientalistycznej+Nr.+33%2C+Krak%C3%B3w+1939%29%2C+was+devoted+to+an+edition+and+translation+of+the+%27%27Anum%C4%81na%27%27-chapter+in+%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita%27s+great+treatise+on+the+main+topics+of+Indian+philosophy.+Together+with+his+teacher+Stanistaw+Schayer%2C+Arnold+Kunst+was+thus+responsible+for+inaugurating+in+Europe+the+careful+study+on+both+a+philological+and+philosophical+basis+of+%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita%27s+%27%27Tattvasa%E1%B9%83graha%27%27.%0A%0AHaving+moved+to+England+just+before+the+war%2C+Arnold+Kunst+published+in+collaboration+with+E.+H.+Johnston+the+Sanskrit+text+of+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna%27s+%27%27Vigrahavy%C4%81vartan%C4%AB%27%27+%28%27%27M%C3%A9langes+chinois+et+bouddhiques%27%27+9+%5B1948-1951%5D%2C+pp.+99-152%3B+reprinted%2C+with+an+English+translation+in+Kamaleswar+Bhattacharya%2C+%27%27The+dialectical+method+of+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna%27%27%2C+Delhi+1978%29.+His+continuing+interest+in+problems+of+Indian+logic+is+reflected+in+later+articles%2C+such+as+the+one+on+the+vexed+question+of+the+excluded+middle+in+Buddhism+%28Rocznik+Orientalistyczny+21+%5B1957%5D%2C+pp.+141-7%29.+His+work+on+the+%27%27Tattvasa%E1%B9%83graha%27%27+and+Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla%27s+%27%27Pa%C3%B1jik%C4%81%27%27+on+it+also+brought+him+to+lndo-Tibetan+studies.+In+this+field+he+published+not+only+an+edition+of+the+Tibetan+translation%2C+contained+in+the+Tibetan+bsTan+%27gyur%2C+of+Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla%27s+%27%27Pa%C3%B1jik%C4%81%27%27+on+the+%27%27Anum%C4%81na%27%27-chapter+of+the+%27%27Tattvasa%E1%B9%83graha%27%27+but+also+a+detailed+study+on+the+editions+of+the+bsTan+%27gyur%2C+one+of+our+main+sources+for+the+history+of+classical+Indian+philosophy+%28%27%27M%C3%A9langes+chinois+et+bouddhiques%27%27+8+%5B1947%5D%2C+pp.+106-216%29.+%0A%0AIn+1947+Arnold+Kunst+took+leave+of+absence+from+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies+%28University+of+London%29%2C+where+he+had+been+appointed+a+lecturer%2C+to+take+up+a+post+as+an+international+civil+servant+at+the+United+Nations+secretariat+in+New+York.+There+he+remained+until+1963%2C+dealing+with+non-selfgoverning+territories+in+the+Trusteeship+Department.+This+new+activity+brought+him+again%2C+if+in+a+different+way%2C+into+close+contact+with+Asia%2C+where+he+travelled+extensively%3B+and+in+carrying+out+this+work+he+was+no+doubt%0Ainspired+and+helped+by+his+training+as+an+Indologist+and+historian+of+Indian+and+Buddhist+thought.%0A%0AOn+resuming+a+lectureship+at+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies+in+1964%2C+Arnold+Kunst+turned+his+attention+to+early+and+classical+Indian+thought+in+general.+From+this+period+comes+for+example+his+study+on+the+interpretation+of+the+%27%27Svet%C4%81%C5%9Bvataropani%E1%B9%A3ad%27%27+%28%27%27Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%27%27+31+%5B1968%5D%2C+pp.+309-314%29+which+has+recently+been+reprinted+in+India+in+a+volume+of+essays+dedicated+to+Ludwik+Sternbach%2C+his+old+friend+and+colleague+both+in+Indological+studies+and+at+the+United+Nations+%28%27%27Ludwik+Sternbach+felicitation+volume%27%27%2C+Akhila+Bharatiya+Sanskrit+Parishad%2C+Lucknow+1979%2C+pp.+565-572%29.%0A%0AArnold+Kunst+gave+expression+to+his+humanistic+and+pragmatic+concerns+in+Indian+studies+in+his+article+%27Man+-+the+creator%27+published+in+this+journal+%28%27%27JIP%27%27+4+%5B1976%5D%2C+pp.+51-68%29.+Pointing+out+there+that+classical+Indian+thought+was+largely+non-theistic+%28rather+than+atheistic%29%2C+and+that+in+it+man+rather+than+God+very+often+figures+as+creator%2C+he+has+observed+that+%27the+soteriological+spark+lies+in+man%2C+the+obstacles+and+hindrances+in+creation%2C+and+the+kinetisation+of+the+spark+generated+by+the+realization+of+the+dichotomy+%5Bbetween+creation+and+%27%27puru%E1%B9%A3a%27%27%2C+etc.%5D+is+enhanced+by+such+variety+of+methods+as+each+separate+system+has+adopted+....+The+versatile+Yoga+system+as+known+from+the+Yogas%C5%ABtras+has+but+reversed+the+processes+of+the+S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya+ontology+and+by+their+adaptation+to+the+exclusively+psychological+aspects+has+devised+a+way+to+manipulate+the+intrinsic+and+extrinsic+phenomena..%2C+to+de-create+creation+and+to+con-struct+the+absolute+by+de-struction+of+the+phenomenal%27+%28p.+57%29.+%27To+those+to+whom+God+is+the+maker+and+creator%2C+a+man-made+creation%2C+acquitting+God+of+his+creatures%27+good+and+bad+experiences+and+actions%2C+may+be+heresy+and+offence+....+It+was+gnosticism+that+was+the+rule+and+orthodoxy+rather+than+exception+and+heresy+in+post-Vedic+thinking+in+India%2C+while+it+was+exception+and+heresy+rather+than+rule+and+orthodoxy+in+Christian%0Areligions%27+%28p.+62%29.+%27The+egoeentrism+of+man+was%2C+no+doubt%2C+responsible+for+the+emphasis+on+his+soteriological+aspirations%2C+and+on+the+setting+of+his+moral+and+ethical+code.+The+question+was%2C+how+far+this+code+included+or+excluded+man%27s+participation+in+society+and+how+much+stress+it+laid+on+solipsistic%0Acriteria+as+yardsticks+of+man%27s+advancement+as+a+member+of+a+nation+....+In+ancient+India%2C+the+transitional+period+from+Vedic+ritualism+to+soteriological+speculations+was+generally+marked+by+total+or+partial+rejection+of+God%27s+interference+in+man%27s+quest+for+spiritual+attainment+....+It+sounds+all+so+very+pragmatic%3B+but+the+pragmatism+is+of+a+type+difficult+to+translate+into+social+values.+Modern+India+has+tried+to+undo+the+social+damage+brought+about+by+%E2%80%A2..+overspiritualization.+It+was+tried+to+reintroduce+God+as+the+creator+in+order+to+unburden+man+of+his+cosmic+responsibility+and+turn+his+attention+to+India+as+a+society+....+The+attempt%2C+though+formidable%2C+is+by+no+means+uniform+....+Non-theism+has+largely+shifted+to+either+agnosticism+or+to+theism%27+%28pp.+62-63%29.%0A%0AIn+his+two-fold+activity+as+a+scholar+-+in+Warsaw%2C+Vienna%2C+Oxford%2C+London%2C+and+Cambridge+-+and+as+an+international+civil+servant+-+in+New+York+and+Asia+-+Arnold+Kunst+sought+to+resolve+one+of+the+dualities+to+which+he+has+called+attention%2C+that+between+social+values+involving+participation+and+the+%28perhaps+%27overspiritualized%27%29+world+of+the+mind.+%28D.+Seyfort+Ruegg%2C+%22IN+MEMORIAM+ARNOLD+KUNST+%281903-1981%29%2C%22+%27%27Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy%27%27+11+%281983%29+3-5%29.
Artemus+B.+Engle+began+studying+the+Tibetan+language+in+Howell%2C+New+Jersey+in+early+1971+at+Labsum+Shedrup+Ling%2C+the+precursor+of+the+Tibetan+Buddhist+Learning+Center.+In+1972+he+became+a+student+of+Sera+Mey+Khensur+Lobsang+Tharchin+Rinpoche%2C+a+relationship+that+spanned+more+than+thirty+years.+In+1975+he+enrolled+in+the+Buddhist+Studies+program+at+the+University+of+Wisconsin+in+Madison+and+received+a+PhD+in+1983.+Since+the+mid-1980s+he+taught+Tibetan+language+and+Buddhist+doctrine+at+the+Mahayana+Sutra+and+Tantra+Center+in+Howell%2C+New+Jersey.+In+2005+he+became+a+Tsadra+Foundation+Translation+Fellow+and+has+worked+primarily+on+the+%27%27Pa%C3%B1caskandhaprakarana%27%27+and+the+%27%27Bodhisattvabh%C5%ABmi%27%27. +
Arthur+David+Waley+%28born+Arthur+David+Schloss%2C+19+August+1889+%E2%80%93+27+June+1966%29+was+an+English+orientalist+and+sinologist+who+achieved+both+popular+and+scholarly+acclaim+for+his+translations+of+Chinese+and+Japanese+poetry.+Among+his+honours+were+the+CBE+in+1952%2C+the+Queen%27s+Gold+Medal+for+Poetry+in+1953%2C+and+he+was+invested+as+a+Companion+of+Honour+in+1956.%0A%0AAlthough+highly+learned%2C+Waley+avoided+academic+posts+and+most+often+wrote+for+a+general+audience.+He+chose+not+to+be+a+specialist+but+to+translate+a+wide+and+personal+range+of+classical+literature.+Starting+in+the+1910s+and+continuing+steadily+almost+until+his+death+in+1966%2C+these+translations+started+with+poetry%2C+such+as+%27%27A+Hundred+and+Seventy+Chinese+Poems%27%27+%281918%29+and+%27%27Japanese+Poetry%3A+The+Uta%27%27+%281919%29%2C+then+an+equally+wide+range+of+novels%2C+such+as+%27%27The+Tale+of+Genji%27%27+%281925%E2%80%9326%29%2C+an+11th-century+Japanese+work%2C+and+%27%27Monkey%27%27%2C+from+16th-century+China.+Waley+also+presented+and+translated+Chinese+philosophy%2C+wrote+biographies+of+literary+figures%2C+and+maintained+a+lifelong+interest+in+both+Asian+and+Western+paintings.%0A%0AA+recent+evaluation+called+Waley+%22the+great+transmitter+of+the+high+literary+cultures+of+China+and+Japan+to+the+English-reading+general+public%3B+the+ambassador+from+East+to+West+in+the+first+half+of+the+20th+century%22%2C+and+went+on+to+say+that+he+was+%22self-taught%2C+but+reached+remarkable+levels+of+fluency%2C+even+erudition%2C+in+both+languages.+It+was+a+unique+achievement%2C+possible+%28as+he+himself+later+noted%29+only+in+that+time%2C+and+unlikely+to+be+repeated.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArthur_Waley+Source+Accessed+Apr+22%2C+2020%5D%29 +
Adjunct+Professor+chez+ESSEC+Business+School.+Geshe+Khunawa%2C+recognized+by+the+14th+Dalai+Lama%3B+Discovered+by+Geshe+Pema+Gyaltsen.+%0AElijah+Sacvan+Ary+was+born+in+Vancouver%2C+Canada.+In+1979%2C+at+age+seven%2C+he+was+recognized+as+the+reincarnation%2C+or+tulku%2C+of+a+Tibetan+scholar+and+spent+his+teenage+years+as+a+monk+at+Sera+Monastery+in+South+India.+He+went+on+to+study+at+the+University+of+Quebec+in+Montreal+and+the+National+Institute+for+Eastern+Languages+and+Civilizations+%28Inalco%29+in+Paris%2C+and+he+earned+his+PhD+in+the+Study+of+Religion+from+Harvard+University.+His+writings+have+appeared+in+the+books+Little+Buddhas%3A+Children+and+Childhoods+in+Buddhist+Texts+and+Traditions%2C+Oxford+Bibliographies+Online%3A+Buddhism%2C+Contemporary+Visions+in+Tibetan+Studies%2C+and+Blue+Jean+Buddha%3A+Voices+of+Young+Buddhists.+He+lives+in+Paris+with+his+wife+and+teaches+Buddhism+and+Tibetan+religious+history+at+several+institutions.+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdompubs.org%2Fauthor%2Felijah-s-ary+Source+Accessed+Jun+12%2C+2015%5D +
Mahamahopadhyaya+Yogacharya+Dr+Ashoke+Kumar+Chatterjee+.+.+.++was+born+in+1933+in+West+Bengal.+.+.+.+He+received+initiation+in+Kriyayoga+in+April+1961.+He+reached+the+pinnacle+of+Kriyayoga+within+a+short+span.%0A%0AHis+three+Gurus+were+stalwarts+in+this+discipline.+His+first+Guru+was+Sri+Annada+Charan+Shastri+%28Bhattacharya%29+disciple+of+Panchanan+Bhattacharya%2C+an+elevated+disciple+of+Yogiraj+Sri+Shama+Churn+Lahiree.+After+Sastriji%E2%80%99s+demise%2C+Dr+Chatterjee+obtained+initiation+from+Sundarlal+Lalaji+of+Varanasi%2C+disciple+of+Harinarayan+Paladhi%2C+who+was+the+disciple+of+Yogiraj+and+later+from+Sri+Satyacharan+Lahiri%2C+grandson+of+Yogiraj.%0A%0AToday+Mahamahopadhyaya+Yogacharya+Dr+Ashoke+Kumar+Chatterjee+is+acknowledged+as+a+World+Kriyayoga+Master.+Being+an+ardent+devotee+of+Sanatana+Dharma+Polestar%2C+Yogiraj+Shama+Churn+Lahiree+and+to+propagate+His+ideals+and+tenets+before+the+masses+so+that+they+derive+the+right+path%2C+the+right+enlightenment%2C+he+has+penned+many+books+in+Bengali%2C+illustrating+the+science+of+Kriyayoga.+Most+of+his+books+have+been+published+in+Indian+languages+like+Hindi%2C+Oriya%2C+Telugu%2C+Marathi%2C+Gujarati%2C+Tamil%2C+and+Malayalam.+%E2%80%98Purana+Purusha+Yogiraj+Sri+Shama+Churn+Lahiree%E2%80%99+has+been+published+in+French+also.+His+other+book+%E2%80%98Who+is+this+Shama+Churn%3F%E2%80%99+is+published+in+English.+He+has+authored+quite+a+number+of+articles+delineating+the+science+hence+rationality+of+Kriyayoga.%0A%0AHe+has+authored+several+books%2C+poems%2C+detailing+the+life%2C+ideals%2C+precepts%2C+sadhana+realisations+of+Yogiraj+and+expounded+the+innate+significance+of+Prana%2C+dharma+and+God+concept.+His+writings+have+unfolded+a+new+chapter+on+Indology.%0A%0AHe+has+founded+Spiritual+Centres+for+Kriyayoga+revived+by+Yogiraj+Shamachurn+%E2%80%93+at+Kakdwip+%26+Bankura+%28in+West+Bengal%29%2C+Degaon+%28Near+Pune%2C+in+Maharashtra%29%2C+Hyderabad+with+the+objective+that+mankind+can+derive+the+Kriyayoga+revived+by+Yogiraj.%0A%0AHe+has+organized+philanthropic+activities+through+this+Mission.+To+further+Yogiraj-consciousness+he+has+travelled+throughout+India+and+many+places+in+Orient+and+Occident.+People+irrespective+of+caste%2C+creed%2C+colour%2C+nation%2C+language%2C+Hindus%2C+Muslims%2C+Christians%2C+Buddhists%2C+Jains%2C+untouchables%2C+renouncers%2C+are+all+coming+under+his+aegis+and+are+finding+in+him+their+haven+and+panacea+for+all+evils.+He+has+large+following+throughout+India+and+abroad+like+USA%2C+England%2C+France%2C+Spain%2C+Canada%2C+Australia%2C+South+Korea%2C+Bangladesh+etc.%0A%0AMahamahopadhyaya+Yogacharya+Dr.+Ashoke+Kumar+Chatterjee+was+invited+as+sole+representative+from+India+to+participate+and+mediate+in+the+Parliament+of+World+Religions+held+at+Val+St.+Hugon%2C+France+in+1997+convened+by+Dalai+Lama+and+sponsored+by+UNO%2C+UNESCO%2C+UNCHR.+At+this+Parliament+of+World+Religions%2C+he+upheld+the+tenets+of+Sanatana+yogadharma+to+the+world+with+a+clarion+voice.+His+brilliant+exegesis+on+the+subject+of+love%2C+peace+and+solidarity+%E2%80%93+%E2%80%98ONE+GOD%2C+ONE+RELIGION%2C+ONE+WORLD%2C+ONE+MAN%E2%80%99+at+The+Parliament+of+World+Religions+received+tumultuous+applause.+French+newspapers+commented+on+him+to+be+%E2%80%98wise+worthy+dignified+sage%E2%80%99+%E2%80%98a+seer%E2%80%99+a+visionary%E2%80%99+etc.%0A%0AMoreover%2C+he+has+been+conferred+the+prestigious+Honoris+Causa+%28MAHAMAHOPADHYAYA%29+by+Tirupati+Sanskrit+University%2C+Tirupati+at+their+16th+Annual+Convocation+for+His+inimitable+contribution+to+Indology+for+six+decades.+In+addition+in+December+2012%2C+he+was+conferred+the+Lifetime+Achievement+Award+at+the+1st+World+Parliament+of+Spirituality+held+in+Hyderabad.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fkriyayogablogs.wordpress.com%2Fdrakc%2F+Source+Accessed+Mar+9%2C+2021%5D%29
Ashwani+Peetush+is+Associate+Professor+of+Philosophy+at+Wilfrid+Laurier+University+in+Waterloo%2C+Ontario.+His+research+areas+encompass+ethics%2C+political+philosophy%2C+and+Indian+philosophy%3B+particular+themes+of+interest+include+human+rights%2C+pluralism%2C%0Aand+the+metaphysics+of+the+self+and+consciousness+in+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta+and+Buddhism.+His+recent+publications+include+%27%27Human+Rights%3A+India+and+the+West%27%27+%28edited+with+Jay+Drydyk%2C+OUP%2C+2015%29%3B+%22Justice%2C+Diversity%2C+and+Dialogue%3A+Rawlsian+Multiculturalism%22%0Ain+%27%27Multiculturalism+and+Religious+Identity%27%27%2C+ed.+S.+Sikka+and+L.+Beaman+%28McGill-Queens+Press%2C+2014%29%3B+and+%22The+Ethics+of+Radical+Equality%22+in+%27%27The+Bloomsbury+Research+Handbook+of+Indian+Ethics%27%27%2C+ed.+S.+Ranganathan+%28Bloomsbury%2C+2017%29.+%28Source%3A+%5B%5BEthics+without+Self%2C+Dharma+without+Atman%5D%5D%29 +
Auguste+Barth+%28born+in+Strasbourg+22+May+1834%3B+died+in+Paris+15+April+1916%29+was+a+French+orientalist.+He+is+best+known+by+his+work+in+connection+with+the+religions+of+India.+His+volume%2C+%27%27Les+religions+de+l%27Inde%27%27+%28Paris%2C+1879%29%2C+was+translated+into+English+%28London%2C+1882%29.+Mention+may+also+be+made+of+his+%27%27Inscriptions+sanscrites+du+Cambodge%27%27+%28Sanskrit+inscriptions+of+Cambodia%3B+Paris%2C+1885%29+and+of+numerous+monographs+and+reviews+in+%27%27Journal+Asiatique%27%27%2C+in+%27%27M%C3%A9lusine%27%27%2C+and+in+the+%27%27M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+Linguistique%27%27.+His+annual+reports+on+researches+into+the+history+of+Indian+religions%2C+in+%27%27Revue+de+l%27Histoire+des+Religions%27%27+%281880%29+are+especially+valuable.+He+was+a+member+of+the+French+Institute.+Barth+became+a+foreign+member+of+the+Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences+in+1896.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAuguste_Barth+Source+Accessed+Aug+15%2C+2023%5D%29 +
Aurelian+Scrima+was+the+founder+and+general+manager+of+Herald+Publishing+House+until+2016. +
A%C5%9Boka.+%28P.+Asoka%3B+T.+Mya+ngan+med%3B+C.+Ayu+wang%3B+J.+Aiku+%C5%8D%3B+K.+Ayuk+wang+%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B%29+%28c.+300-232+BCE%3B+r.+c.+268-232+BCE%29.+Indian+Mauryan+emperor+and+celebrated+patron+of+Buddhism%3B+also+known+as+Dharm%C4%81%C5%9Boka.+Son+of+Bindus%C4%81ra+and+grandson+of+Candragupta%2C+A%C5%9Boka+was+the+third+king+of+the+Mauryan+dynasty.+A%C5%9Boka+left+numerous+inscriptions+recording+his+edicts+and+proclamations+to+the+subjects+of+his+realm.+In+these+inscriptions%2C+A%C5%9Boka+is+referred+to+as+Dev%C4%81n%C4%81m+Priya%E1%B8%A5%2C+%22beloved+of+the+gods.%22+These+inscriptions+comprise+one+of+the+earliest+bodies+of+writing+as+yet+deciphered+from+the+Indian+subcontinent.+His+edicts+have+been+found+inscribed+on+boulders%2C+on+stone+pillars%2C+and+in+caves+and+are+widely+distributed+from+northern+Pakistan+in+the+west%2C+across+the+Gangetic+plain+to+Bengal+in+the+east%2C+to+near+Chennai+in+South+India.+The+inscriptions+are+ethical+and+religious+in+content%2C+with+some+describing+how+A%C5%9Boka+turned+to+the+dharma+after+subjugating+the+territory+of+Kali%E1%B9%85ga+%28in+the+Coastal+region+of+modern+Andhra+Pradesh%29+in+a+bloody+war.+In+his+own+words%2C+A%C5%9Boka+states+that+the+bloodshed+of+that+campaign+caused+him+remorse+and+taught+him+that+rule+by+dharma%2C+or+righteousness%2C+is+superior+to+rule+by+mere+force+of+arms.+While+the+Buddha%2C+dharma%2C+and+sa%E1%B9%83gha+are+extolled+and+Buddhist+texts+are+mentioned+in+the+edicts%2C+the+dharma+that+A%C5%9Boka+promulgated+was+neither+sectarian+nor+even+specifically+Buddhist%2C+but+a+general+code+of+administrative%2C+public%2C+and+private+ethics+suitable+for+a+multireligious+and+multiethnic+polity.+It+is+clear+that+A%C5%9Boka+saw+this+code+of+ethics+as+a+diplomatic+tool+as+well%2C+in+that+he%0Adispatched+embassies+to+neighboring+states+in+an+effort+to+establish+dharma+as+the+basis+for+international+relations.+The+edicts+were+not+translated+until+the+nineteenth+century%2C+however%2C+and%0Atherefore+played+little+role+in+the+Buddhist+view+of+A%C5%9Boka%2C+which+derives+instead+from+a+variety+of+legends+told+about+the+emperor.+The+legend+of+A%C5%9Boka+is+recounted+in+the+Sanskrit+Divy%C4%81vad%C4%81na%2C+in+the+P%C4%81li+chronicles+of+Sri+Lanka%2C+D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa+and+Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa%2C+and+in+the+P%C4%81li+commentaries%2C+particularly+the%0ASamantap%C4%81s%C4%81dik%C4%81.+Particularly+in+P%C4%81li+materials%2C+A%C5%9Boka+is+portrayed+as+a+staunch+sectarian+and+exclusive+patron+of+the+P%C4%81li+tradition.+The+inscriptional+evidence%2C+as+noted+above%2C+does+not+support+that+claim.+In+the+Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa%2C+for+example%2C+A%C5%9Boka+is+said+to+have+been+converted+to+Therav%C4%81da+Buddhism+by+the%0Anovice+Nigrodha%2C+after+which+he+purifies+the+Buddhist+sa%E1%B9%83gha+by+purging+it+of+non-Therav%C4%81da+heretics.+He+then+sponsors+the+convention+of+the+third+Buddhist+council+%28samg%C4%ABt%C4%AB%29+under+the+presidency+of+Moggaliputtatissa%2C+an+entirely+Therav%C4%81da+affair.+Recalling+perhaps+the+historical+A%C5%9Boka%27s+diplomatic+missions%2C+the+legend+recounts+how%2C+after+the+council%2C+Moggaliputtatissa+dispatched+Therav%C4%81da+missions%2C%0Acomprised+of+monks%2C+to+nine+adjacent+lands+for+the+purpose+of+propagating+the+religion%2C+including+A%C5%9Boka%27s+son+%28Mahinda%29+and+daughter+%28Sa%E1%B9%85ghamitt%C4%81%29+to+Sri+Lanka.+In+Sri+Lanka%2C+where+the+legend+appears+to+have+originated%2C+and+in+the+Therav%C4%81da+countries+of+Southeast+Asia%2C+the+P%C4%81li+account+of+King+A%C5%9Boka+was+adopted+as+one+of+the+main+paradigms+of+Buddhist+kingship+and+models+of+ideal+governance+and+proper+sa%E1%B9%83gha-state+relations.+A+different+set+of+legends%2C+which+do+not+recount+the+conversion%0Aof+Sri+Lanka%2C+appears+in+Sanskrit+sources%2C+most+notably%2C+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na.+%28Source%3A+%22A%C5%9Boka.%22+In+%27%27The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%27%27%2C+70%E2%80%9371.+Princeton+University+Press%2C+2014.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n41q.27.%29
Indian+pa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dita+known+to+have+been+an+expert+in+Abhidharma+and+to+have+assisted+in+the+Tibetan+translation+of+the+%27%27Saddharmasm%E1%B9%9Btyupasth%C4%81nas%C5%ABtra%27%27.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fread.84000.co%2Ftranslation%2Ftoh287.html+Source+Accessed+Aug+31%2C+2021%5D%29 +
B
Dynamic+lecturer%2C+progressive+scholar%2C+and+one+of+the+most+prolific+writers+and+translators+of+Tibetan+Buddhism+in+the+West%2C+B.+Alan+Wallace%2C+Ph.D.%2C+continually+seeks+innovative+ways+to+integrate+Buddhist+contemplative+practices+with+Western+science+to+advance+the+study+of+the+mind.%0A%0ADr.+Wallace%2C+a+scholar+and+practitioner+of+Buddhism+since+1970%2C+has+taught+Buddhist+theory+and+meditation+worldwide+since+1976.+Having+devoted+fourteen+years+to+training+as+a+Tibetan+Buddhist+monk%2C+ordained+by+H.+H.+the+Dalai+Lama%2C+he+went+on+to+earn+an+undergraduate+degree+in+physics+and+the+philosophy+of+science+at+Amherst+College+and+a+doctorate+in+religious+studies+at+Stanford.+%28%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.alanwallace.org+Source+Accessed+Nov+17%2C+2020%5D%29 +
%27Baatra%27+Erdene-Ochir+is+a+Ph.D.+student+in+Buddhist+Studies.+He+received+a+bachelor%27s+degree+in+philosophy+from+UCSB+and+a+master%27s+degree+in+theological+studies+from+Harvard+Divinity+School.+He+is+interested+in+Indo-Tibetan+Buddhist+philosophical+polemics+and+the+history+of+Buddhist+scholastic+traditions+as+well+as+monastic+institutions+in+Tibet+and+Mongolia.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion.ucsb.edu%2Fpeople%2Fstudent%2Ferdenebaatar-baatra-hehimhis-erdene-ochir%2F+Source+Accessed+June+9%2C+2021%5D%29 +