Property:EncodedGlossary-DefinitionOther
A
In+a+Buddhist+context%2C+ignorance+is+not+mere+nescience+but+mistaken+apprehension.+It+is+the+incorrect+understanding+of%2C+or+failure+to+recognize%2C+the+ultimate+nature+of+the+person+and+phenomena%2C+and+the+false+ascription+of+true+existence+to+them.+%0A-Fletcher%2C+W.%2C+Padmakara+Translation+Group%2C+Blankleder%2C+H.+in+%27%27Introduction+to+the+Middle+Way%27%27+%282002%29. +
B
84000+Glossary-Definitions%3A%0AA+living+being+who+has+produced+the+spirit+of+enlightenment+in+himself+and+whose+constant+dedication%2C+lifetime+after+lifetime%2C+is+to+attain+the+unexcelled%2C+perfect+enlightenment+of+Buddhahood.%0A%0AA+person+who+is+dedicated+not+merely+to+attaining+liberation+through+attaining+the+state+of+an+arhat%2C+but+to+becoming+a+buddha.+A+name+created+from+the+Sanskritization+of+the+middle-Indic+bodhisatto%2C+the+Sanskrit+equivalent+of+which+was+bodhisakta%2C+%E2%80%9Cone+who+is+fixed+on+enlightenment.%E2%80%9D%0A%0ASomeone+who+practices+according+to+the+Vehicle+of+the+Bodhisattvas%3B+one+who+aims+for+complete+buddhahood%3B+%E2%80%9Cawakening+hero%3B%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9Cone+who+has+a+wish+for+awakening%3B%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9Cone+who+awakens+sentient+beings.%E2%80%9D%0A%0AA+person+who+is+dedicated+not+merely+to+gaining+liberation+through+attaining+the+state+of+an+arhat%2C+but+to+becoming+a+buddha.+A+name+created+from+the+Sanskritization+of+the+middle-Indic+bodhisatto%2C+the+Sanskrit+equivalent+of+which+was+bodhisakta%2C+%E2%80%9Cone+who+is+fixed+on+enlightenment.%E2%80%9D%0A%0AA+being+who+is+dedicated+to+the+cultivation+and+fulfilment+of+the+altruistic+intention+to+attain+manifestly+perfect+buddhahood%2C+traversing+the+five+bodhisattva+paths+and+ten+bodhisattva+levels.+Bodhisattvas+purposely+opt+to+remain+within+cyclic+existence+in+order+to+liberate+all+sentient+beings%2C+instead+of+simply+seeking+personal+freedom+from+suffering.+Philosophically%2C+they+realize+the+two+aspects+of+selflessness%2C+with+respect+to+afflicted+mental+states+and+the+nature+of+all+phenomena.%0A%0A%28See+also+note+http%3A+%2F%2Fread.84000.co%2Ftranslation%2FUT22084-031-002.html%23UT22084-031-002-142.%29%0A%0AAccording+to+the+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na%2C+an+individual+with+the+intent+to+achieve+awakening+for+the+sake+of+all+beings. +
Literally%2C+%22buddha-element%2C%22+a+synonym+for+what+Rongt%C3%B6n+calls+natural+buddha-nature+or+undefiled+suchness.+It+is+the+empty+nature+of+the+mind%2C+identical+in+both+sentient+beings+and+buddhas.+-+Bernert%2C+Christian%2C+%27%27Perfect+or+Perfected%3F+Rongt%C3%B6n+on+Buddha-Nature%27%27+%282018%29%2C+page+114. +
Jeffrey+Hopkins+clarifies%3A+%22In+the+Mind-Only+%28%27%27sems+tsam%27%27%2C+citta-m%C4%81tra%29+school%2C+this+is+a+synonym+of+bag+chags%3B+in+the+Consequentialist+%28%27%27thal+%27gyur%27%27%2C+prAsaGgika%29+school%2C+it+is+not+the+same+as+bag+chags.%22 +
D
Jeffrey+Hopkins%27+Comment%3A+An+equivalent+of+ultimate+truth+%28don+dam+bden+pa%2C+paramArthasatya%29+so+called+because+meditation+within+observing+it+acts+as+a+cause+of+the+qualities+%28dharma%2C+chos%29+of+Superiors+%28Arya%2C+%27phags+pa%29.%22+Emptiness%2C+being+uncaused%2C+is+not+itself+a+cause+%28element%29%2C+but+meditation+on+it+causes+the+development+of+marvelous+qualities%3B+thus%2C+emptiness+comes+to+be+called+a+cause%2C+an+element+producing+those+qualities. +
G
In+the+Nyingma+and+Kagyu+traditions%2C+the+name+given+to+the+fusion+of+the+teachings+of+the+second+and+third+turnings+of+the+Dharma+wheel.+These+two+turnings+are+paralleled%2C+respectively%2C+by+the+approach+of+Nagarjuna%2C+the+view+that+ultimate+reality+is+beyond+conceptual+formulation%2C+and+the+approach+of+Asanga%2C+the+view+that+ultimate+reality+is+the+buddha+nature%2C+the+tathagatagarbha%2C+free+from+all+defects+and+primordially+endowed+with+all+enlightened+qualities.+The+Great+Madhyamika+is+also+referred+to+as+the+Yogachara+Madhyamika%2C+for+it+stresses+the+role+of+meditation+in+the+realization+of+ultimate+reality%2C+the+nature+of+the+mind.+Associated+with+this+system+is+the+expression+gzhan+stong%2C+%22emptiness+of+other%2C%22+referring+to+the+understanding+that+ultimate+reality+is+an+emptiness+which+is+a+freedom+from+all+factors+extraneous+to+itself.+In+other+words%2C+it+is+a+positive+value+and+not+a+mere+negation.%0A%0A-Fletcher%2C+Wulstan%2C+and+Helena+Blankleder+%28Padmakara+Translation+Group%29%2C++in+%27%27Treasury+of+Precious+Qualities%3A+Book+One%27%27+%282001%29 +
M
84000+Glossary+Definition%0AThe+same+as+the+Bodhisattva+Vehicle%2C+whose+practitioners+aim+at+complete+buddhahood.%0A%0AWhen+the+Buddhist+teachings+are+classified+according+to+their+power+to+lead+beings+to+an+enlightened+state%2C+a+distinction+is+made+between+the+teachings+of+the+Lesser+Vehicle%2C+which+emphasizes+the+individual%27s+own+freedom+from+cyclic+existence+as+the+primary+motivation+and+goal%2C+and+those+of+the+Great+Vehicle%2C+which+emphasizes+altruism+and+has+the+liberation+of+all+sentient+beings+as+the+principal+objective.+As+the+term+%E2%80%9CGreat+Vehicle%E2%80%9D+implies%2C+the+path+followed+by+bodhisattvas+is+analogous+to+a+large+carriage+which+can+transport+a+vast+number+of+people+to+liberation%2C+as+compared+to+a+smaller+vehicle+for+the+individual+practitioner.%0A%0AThe+%E2%80%9CGreat+Vehicle%E2%80%9D+of+Buddhism%2C+called+%E2%80%9Cgreat%E2%80%9D+because+it+carries+all+living+beings+to+enlightenment+of+Buddhahood.+It+is+distinguished+from+the+Hinay%C4%81na%2C+including+the+%C5%9Ar%C4%81v%C4%81ka%C2%ADy%C4%81na+%28%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka+Vehicle%29+and+Pratyeka%C2%ADbuddha%C2%ADy%C4%81na+%28Solitary+Sage+Vehicle%29%2C+which+only+carries+each+person+who+rides+on+it+to+their+own+personal+liberation.%0A%0AGreat+Vehicle.%0A%0ALiterally+the+Sanskrit+means+%E2%80%9Cgreat+way%2C%E2%80%9D+but+in+Buddhism+this+has+developed+the+meaning+of+great+vehicle%2C+and+so+is+translated+literally+into+Tibetan+as+%E2%80%9Cgreat+carrier.%E2%80%9D +
N
%22While+Tibetan+thinkers+generally+characterize+definitive+teachings+as+those+that+explicitly+teach+ultimate+truth%2C+which+is+the+ultimate+purport+of+the+Buddha%27s+teachings%2C+and+provisional+teachings+as+those+teachings+that+do+not+explain+ultimate+truth+clearly+and+that+require+further+interpretation+in+order+to+ascertain+the+ultimate+purport+of+the+Buddha%27s+intent%2C+they+disagree+on+which+of+the+Buddha%27s+teachings+are+definitive+or+provisional.%22+-+Wangchuk%2C+Tsering.+%27%27The+Uttaratantra+in+the+Land+of+Snows%27%27+%282017%29%2C+page+3. +
As+cited+in+Kano+2006+%28see+Appendix+H%2C+p.+624%29%2C+according+to+Jamg%C3%B6n+Kongtrul%27s+commentary+on+the+%27%27Uttaratantra%27%27%2C+%27%27The+Unassailable+Lion%27s+Roar%27%27%2C+the+lineage+of+the+Ngok+Tradition+is%3A%0A%2AMaitreya%0A%2AMaitr%C4%ABpa%0A%2A%C4%80nandak%C4%ABrti%0A%2ASajjana+%E2%86%92+Ati%C5%9Ba%0A%2ArNgog%0A%2AGro+lung+pa%0A%2AShang+tshe+spong+pa%0A%2ANyang+bran+pa%0A%2APhywa+pa%0A%2AgTsang+nag+pa%0A%2ADan+bag+pa%0A%2ABlo+gros+mtshungs+med%0A%2APhag+gru+rgyal+mtsan+bzang+po%0A%2ARong+ston +
%22While+Tibetan+thinkers+generally+characterize+definitive+teachings+as+those+that+explicitly+teach+ultimate+truth%2C+which+is+the+ultimate+purport+of+the+Buddha%27s+teachings%2C+and+provisional+teachings+as+those+teachings+that+do+not+explain+ultimate+truth+clearly+and+that+require+further+interpretation+in+order+to+ascertain+the+ultimate+purport+of+the+Buddha%27s+intent%2C+they+disagree+on+which+of+the+Buddha%27s+teachings+are+definitive+or+provisional.%22+-+Wangchuk%2C+Tsering.+%27%27The+Uttaratantra+in+the+Land+of+Snows%27%27+%282017%29%2C+page+3. +
P
In+contrast+to+a+nonimplicative+negation%E2%80%94the+linguistically-bound+negation+of+deconstruction%E2%80%94an+implicative+negation+%28Sanskrit+%27%27paryud%C4%81sa-prati%E1%B9%A3edha%27%27%3B+Tibetan+%27%27ma+yin+dgag%27%27%29+is+the+type+of+negation+preferred+by+the+proponents+of+%E2%80%9Cother-emptiness%2C%E2%80%9D+like+the+Jonang+tradition%2C+in+the+way+they+approach+the+ultimate+truth.+An+implicative+negation+is+a+negation+that+points+beyond+its+constructed+identity+to+something+other.+In+this+case%2C+the+system+of+linguistic+representation+does+not+merely+deconstruct+itself+and+succumb+to+the+absence+of+its+self-referential+self-destruction.+Rather%2C+it+is+understood+to+imply%2C+or+presume%2C+something+else.+The+classic+example+of+an+implicative+negation+is%3A+%E2%80%9CThe+fat+Devadatta+does+not+eat+during+the+day.%E2%80%9D%0AWhile+this+statement+is+explicitly+a+negation%2C+the+connotative+force+of+the+statement+implies+something+else%3A+that+he+eats+at+night.+This+leaves+the+interpreter+with+an+unstated%2C+yet+implied%2C+state+of+affairs.+In+contrast%2C+when+we+consider+the+classic+example+of+a+nonimplicative+negation%2C+%E2%80%9CBrahmins+should+not+drink+alcohol%2C%E2%80%9D+we+can+see+how+the+connotative+force+of+this+negation+is+simple+denial+devoid+of+implication.+%28Douglas+Duckworth%2C+%22Onto-theology+and+Emptiness%3A+The+Nature+of+Buddha-Nature%22+%5B%27%27Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion%27%27+82%2C+no.+4%2C+2014%5D%2C+1076%29. +
A+nonimplicative+negation+is+simply+denial%2C+like+the+denial+of+essence+or+identity%2C+without+implying+anything+else+or+deferring+that+essence+to+some+%E2%80%9Cother.%E2%80%9D+.+.+.+%5BW%5Dhen+we+consider+the+classic+example+of+a+nonimplicative+negation%2C+%E2%80%9CBrahmins+should+not+drink+alcohol%2C%E2%80%9D+we+can+see+how+the+connotative+force+of+this+negation+is+simple+denial+devoid+of+implication.+%28Douglas+Duckworth%2C+%22Onto-theology+and+Emptiness%3A+The+Nature+of+Buddha-Nature%22+%5B%27%27Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion%27%27+82%2C+no.+4%2C+2014%5D%2C+1075-76%29. +
R
Generally+speaking%2C+the+%5Bother-emptiness%5D+refers+to+the+idea+that+ultimate+truth+is+empty+of+defilements+that+are+naturally+other+than+ultimate+truth%2C+whereas+self-emptiness+implies+that+everything+including+ultimate+truth+is+empty+of+its+own+inherent+nature.+-+Wangchuk%2C+Tsering.+%27%27The+Uttaratantra+in+the+Land+of+Snows%27%27+%282017%29%2C+page+4.%0A%0AThe+term+%E2%80%9Czhentong%E2%80%9D+is+used+in+contrast+to+%E2%80%9Crangtong%E2%80%9D+%28%27%27rang+stong%27%27%3B+%E2%80%9Cself-emptiness%E2%80%9D%29%2C+which+refers+to+the+school+that+adheres+to+the+views+of+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna%E2%80%99s+brand+of+Madhyamaka%2C+which+asserts+that+all+phenomena%2C+including+the+mind%2C+are+empty+of+self-nature.+-+Bernert%2C+Christian.+%27%27Adorning+Maitreya%27s+Intent%27%27+%282017%29%2C+page+11. +
S
T
Womb+of+the+tathagatas%0A%0A%3ARichard+Barron%3A+%0A%3A%3ASutra+context%3A+tathagatagarbha+or+%22buddha+nature%22%0A%3A%3ADzogchen+context%3A+potential+or+heart+essence+that+consitutes+attaining+%28state+of%29+suchness%0A%0A%E2%80%9CContaining+the+tathagatas%E2%80%9D%0A%0A%E2%80%9CWomb%E2%80%9D%2C+%E2%80%9Cembryo%E2%80%9D%2C+%E2%80%9Cessence%E2%80%9D%2C+or+%E2%80%9Cheart%E2%80%9D+%28garbha%29+of+the+Thus+Gone+%28tath%C4%81gata%29 +
According+to+the+three-wheel+scheme+in+the+%27%27Discourse+Explaining+the+Intent%27%27+%28%27%27Sa%E1%B9%83dhinirmocana+S%C5%ABtra%27%27%29%2C+the+first+wheel+of+doctrine+conveys+the+teachings+of+%E2%80%9Cthe+four+noble+truths.%E2%80%9D+The+emphasis+of+the+teachings+here+is+the+nature+of+existence+as+suffering%2C+impermanence%2C+and+no-self+%28%27%27an%C4%81tman%27%27%29.+The+content+of+the+second+wheel+of+doctrine%2C+which+the+s%C5%ABtra+calls+%E2%80%9Csignlessness%2C%E2%80%9D+is+characterized+by+emptiness+%28%27%27%C5%9B%C5%ABnyat%C4%81%27%27%29%2C+the+principle+that+all+phenomena+lack+any+true+essence.+While+the+second+wheel+of+doctrine+is+certainly+a+response+to+the+first%2C+where+the+ethical+foundations+of+Buddhism+are+laid%2C+the+dis-courses+of+the+second+wheel+are+not+a+critique+of+ethics+per+se%2C+but+rather+critique+a+causally+constructed%2C+relational+world+composed+of+static%2C+discrete+entities.+That+is%2C+the+Perfection+of+Wisdom+discourses+of+the+second+wheel+convey+that+every+phenomenon+is+empty%3B+even+wisdom%2C+nirvana%2C+and+the+principal+teaching+of+the+first+wheel+%28the+four+noble+truths%29+are+denied+the+status+of+having+any+ultimate+existence+or+real+identity.+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna+%28ca.+150%E2%80%93250+CE%29+showed+how+such+denials+cut+through+metaphysical+views+%28%27%27d%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3ti%27%27%29+of+reality+when+he+stated%3A+%E2%80%9CThe+Victorious+Ones+have+proclaimed+emptiness+as+that+which+relinquishes+all+views%3B+but+those+who+hold+emptiness+as+a+view+are+incurable%E2%80%9D+%28%27%27Fundamental+Verses+on+the+Middle+Way%27%27+%5B%27%27M%C5%ABlamadhy%C4%81makak%C4%81rik%C4%81%27%27%5DXIII.8%29.+In+short%2C+the+second+wheel+exemplifies+deconstruction.+%0A%0AIn+contrast+to+simply+deconstruction%2C+in+the+third+wheel%2C+we+get+a+different+characterization+of+the+ultimate+truth.+The+%27%27Discourse+Explaining+the+Intent%27%27+says+that+the+third+wheel+contains+%E2%80%9Cthe+excellent+differentiation+%5Bof+the+ultimate%5D.%E2%80%9D+Rather+than+simply+depicting+the+ultimate+truth+%27%27via+negativa%27%27%2C+the+third+wheel+reveals+the+ultimate+as+an+immanent+reality%3B+it+depicts+the+pure+mind+as+constitutive+of+the+ultimate.+It+is+the+third+wheel+of+doctrine+that+Tibetan+exegetes+identify+with+the+teachings+of+the+presence+of+buddha-nature+%28in+addition+to+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra%29.+Significantly%2C+the+relationship+between+emptiness+in+the+second+wheel+and+the+presence+of+buddha-nature+in+the+third+wheel+becomes+a+pivotal+issue+around+which+Buddhist+traditions+in+Tibet+stake+their+ground.%0A%3A%3A%28Douglas+Duckworth%2C+%22Onto-theology+and+Emptiness%3A+The+Nature+of+Buddha-Nature%22+%5B%27%27Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion%27%27+82%2C+no.+4%2C+2014%5D%2C+1073%E2%80%9374%29%0A%0A%0AIt+is+said+that+the+Buddha%E2%80%99s+method+of+guiding+his+followers+was+always+adapted+to+his+audience.+His+teaching+is+likened+to+the+way+specific+medicines+are+used+to+cure+particular+diseases.+Thus+the+instructions+given+to+a+certain+group+of+disciples+in+a+given+context+were+not+in+line+with%E2%80%94or+even+seemed+to+contradict%E2%80%94teachings+given+at+another+time%2C+simply+because+it+was+not+appropriate+for+all+students+to+hear+the+same+words+in+order+to+progress+on+the+spiritual+path.+%0A%0ATo+help+later+followers+distinguish+between+the+words+that+are+to+be+taken+literally+and+those+that+require+interpretation%2C+the+%27%27Sa%E1%B9%83dhinirmocanas%C5%ABtra%27%27+%28%27%27Sutra+Unraveling+the+Intent%27%27%29+introduces+the+hermeneutic+principle+of+differentiating+between+interpretive+meaning+%28%27%27ney%C4%81rtha%3B+drang+don%27%27%29+and+definitive+meaning+%28%27%27n%C4%ABt%C4%81rtha%3B+nges+don%27%27%29.+With+this+tool%2C+the+discourses+may+be+divided+into+three+groups+called+%27%27turnings%27%27.+The+first+two+turnings+are+interpretive+and+the+third+one+is+definitive%2C+according+to+this+sutra.+%0A%0AIn+the+sutras+of+the+first+turning+based+on+the+exposition+of+the+four+%27%27%C4%81rya%27%27+truths%2C+the+Buddha+affirms+the+existence+of+certain+phenomena+such+as+form%2C+feeling%2C+discrimination%2C+formative+factors%2C+and+consciousness%2C+that+is%2C+the+five+%27%27skandhas%27%27%2C+or+psychophysical+groups+of+phenomena+that+make+up+a+human+being.+What+is+denied+in+those+discourses+is+the+existence+of+an+independent%2C+substantially+existent+identity+or+self%2C+which+is+asserted+to+be+imputed+on+the+basis+of+those+skandhas.%0A%0AIn+the+sutras+of+the+second+turning+based+on+the+Perfection+of+Wisdom+%28%27%27praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81%27%27%29+teachings%2C+the+existence+of+these+phenomena+is+denied.+In+the+discourses+of+this+group+we+find+words+such+as%2C+%E2%80%9Cno+form%2C+no+feeling%2C+no%0Adiscrimination%2C+no+formative+factors%2C+no+consciousness%2C%E2%80%9D+and+so+forth.+These+passages+refer+to+the+emptiness+%28%27%27%C5%9B%C5%ABnyat%C4%81%3B+stong+pa+nyid%27%27%29+or+lack+of+inherent+existence+of+all+phenomena%2C+explained+to+be+their+ultimate+reality.%0A%0ATo+resolve+the+contradictions+emerging+from+the+first+two+turnings%2C+the+Buddha+turned+the+Dharma+wheel+a+third+time%2C+making+a+clear+distinction+between+the+discourses+of+interpretive+meaning+and+those+of+definitive+meaning.+In+these+teachings%2C+certain+phenomena+are+identified+as+nonexistent%2C+while+others+are+defined+as+bearing+the+characteristics+of+existence.+The+emphasis+in+this+group+of+discourses+is+on+the+luminous+and+primordially+untainted+nature+of+mind%2C+the+potential+for+awakening%2C+or+buddha-nature%2C+present+in+all+beings%2C+and+on+the+three-nature+model+of+reality+that+will+be+explained+below.+The+%27%27Sutra+Unraveling+the+Intent%27%27+is+itself+part+of+this+group.%0A%3A%3A%28Christian+Bernert%2C+trans.%2C+%27%27Adorning+Maitreya%27s+Intent%3A+Arriving+at+the+View+of+Nonduality%27%27+%5BBoulder%2C+CO%3A+Snow+Lion+Publications%2C+2017%5D%2C+3%E2%80%934%29
As+cited+in+Kano+2006+%28see+Appendix+H%2C+p.+624%29%2C+according+to+Jamg%C3%B6n+Kongtrul%27s+commentary+on+the+%27%27Uttaratantra%27%27%2C+%27%27The+Unassailable+Lion%27s+Roar%27%27%2C+the+lineage+of+the+Tsen+Tradition+is%3A%0A%2ASajjana%0A%2AgZus+dga%27+ba%27i+rdo+rje%0A%2AbTsan+dri+med+shes+rab%0A%2ARang+byung+rdo+rje%0A%2AKarma+dkon+gzhon+%0A%2AKarma+phrin+las+pa%0A%2A%27Gos+gZhon+nu+dpal%0A%2ADol+po+pa%0A%2AT%C4%81ran%C4%81tha%0A%2AChos+kyi+don+grub%0A%2AKun+zhig+Chos+kyi+byung+gnas%0A%2AlHa+lung+karma+bstan+%27phel +
V
Translation+of+Tshig+mdzod+chen+mo%3A+One+of+the+five+kinds+of+fruition%3B+result+of+exhausting+what+is+to+be+abandoned+by+prajna%3B++the+abandonment+of+obscurations+through+meditation+on+the+path+of+the+noble+ones. +
a
The+mental+afflictions+and+their+residues+that+temporarily+cover+the+mind%27s+true+nature%2C+thus+preventing+the+attainment+of+buddhahood.+Liberation+is+said+to+be+possible+precisely+because+these+defilements+are+not+inherent+to+the+nature+of+the+mind+and+can+be+removed+by+means+of+the+path.+-+Bernert%2C+Christian%2C+trans.+%27%27Perfect+or+Perfected%3F+Rongt%C3%B6n+on+Buddha-Nature%27%27+%282018%29%2C+page+113. +
%C4%80laya-vij%C3%B1%C4%81na+%28storehouse+consciousness%29+refers+to+a+level+of+subliminal+mental+processes+that+occur+uninterruptedly+throughout+one%E2%80%99s+life+and%2C+in+the+Buddhist+view%2C+one%E2%80%99s+multiple+lifetimes.+It+represents%2C+in+effect%2C+one%E2%80%99s+personal+continuity+along+with+the+continuity+of+one%E2%80%99s+accumulated+karmic+potential+%28hence%2C+%E2%80%9Cstorehouse%E2%80%9D%29.+%C4%80laya-vij%C3%B1%C4%81na%E2%80%94along+with+Consciousness-Only+%28vij%C3%B1apti-m%C4%81tra%29+and+the+Three+Natures+%28trisvabh%C4%81va%29%E2%80%94is+one+of+the+distinguishing+doctrines+of+the+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+%28%E2%80%9CPractitioners+of+Yoga%E2%80%9D%29+school+of+Indian+Buddhism.+The+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+school+flourished+in+India+from+the+3rd+to+5th+centuries+of+the+Common+Era+and+influenced+all+later+types+of+Buddhism%2C+particularly+in+Tibet+and+East+Asia%3B+the+development+of+the+concept+of+%C4%81laya-vij%C3%B1%C4%81na+parallels+this+history.+Initially%2C+%C4%81laya-vij%C3%B1%C4%81na+addressed+a+series+of+problems+created+by+the+Abhidharmic+emphasis+on+the+momentary+nature+of+all+mental+processes%2C+mostly+concerning+personal+continuity%3A+the+continuity+of+karmic+potential+and+the+afflictions+%28kle%C5%9Ba%29+in+a+latent+state%2C+the+gradual+path+to+liberation%2C+and+the+problem+of+rebirth.+Once+articulated%2C+this+underlying+level+of+subliminal+consciousness+also+allowed+for+a+more+robust+explanation+of+the+constructed+nature+of+perception+%28%E2%80%9Cconsciousness-%2C%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9Crepresentation-%2C%E2%80%9D+or+%E2%80%9Cappearance-only%2C%E2%80%9D+vij%C3%B1apti-m%C4%81tra%29+as+well+as+the+commonality+of+our+experienced+world+%28bh%C4%81jana-loka%29.+And+since+it+represents+the+%E2%80%9Cstore%E2%80%9D+of+one%E2%80%99s+past+karma%2C+%C4%81laya-vij%C3%B1%C4%81na+is+what+must+be+eliminated%2C+transformed%2C+or+purified+on+the+path+to+liberation%2C+when+it+becomes+a+%E2%80%9Cstainless+consciousness%E2%80%9D+%28amala-vij%C3%B1%C4%81na%29.+In+some+texts%2C+it+is+even+equated+with+tath%C4%81gatha-garbha+%28roughly%2C+%E2%80%9Cbuddha-nature%E2%80%9D%29%2C+a+relationship+later+Tibetan+and+Chinese+Buddhists+developed+along+with+other+aspects+of+the+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra+traditions+they+received+from+India.+More+recently%2C+%C4%81laya-vij%C3%B1%C4%81na+has+been+compared+with+theories+of+unconscious+mental+processes+in+depth+psychology+and+cognitive+science.+-+William+S.+Waldron