Property:EncodedBio
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B
Sonam+Peldren+%28bsod+nam+dpal+%27dren%29+was+born+on+the+seventeenth+day+of+the+tenth+month+of+the+earth+male-dragon+year+%28either+1268+or+1328%29.+Her+mother+was+named+Nezang+Chotso+%28gnas+bzang+chos+mtsho%29%3B+her+father+was+named+Yondak+Ngoli+%28yon+bdag+sngo+li%29+and+was+a+descendent+of+the+Tong+%28stong%29+clan.+She+was+born+in+a+place+called+Tashipa+Janggyab+%28bkra+shis+pa+byang+rgyab%29+in+Dam+Sho+%28%27dam+shod%29%2C+in+the+Nol+%28snol%29+district+of+U+%28dbus%29%2C+near+the+Nyenchen+Tanglha+mountain+range+%28gnyen+chen+thang+lha%29.+Her+birth+name+was+Gego+%28ge+god%29%3B+sometime+after+her+marriage+at+age+seventeen+she+was+renamed+Sonam+Peldren.+She+was+the+youngest+of+four+children%3A+she+had+two+elder+brothers+named+Azang+%28a+%27zang%29+and+Kunchog+Gyab+%28dkon+mchog+skyabs%29%2C+and+one+elder+sister+named+Chokyi+%28chos+skyid.%29%0A%0ALittle+is+known+of+the+years+between+Sonam+Peldren%27s+birth+and+her+marriage+at+age+sixteen+other+than+that+her+mother+passed+away%2C+her+father+remarried%2C+and+that+she+was+a+calm+child+liked+by+all.+When+Sonam+Peldren+was+seventeen+years+old%2C+her+father+arranged+her+marriage%2C+choosing+from+among+three+available+suitors%3A+Chakdor+Kyab+%28phyag+dor+skyabs%29%2C+described+simply+as+a+nomad+from+Kham%2C+and+who+is+more+commonly+known+by+the+name+Rinchen+Pel%3B+Ga+Yar+%28%27ga%27+yar%29%2C+also+described+only+as+a+nomad+from+Kham%3B+and+Pelek+%28dpal+legs%29%2C+described+as+the+chief+scribe+%28dpon+yig%29+from+a+wealthy+local+family+in+central+Tibet.+Sonam+Peldren%27s+father%2C+with+the+strong+approval+of+his+wife+and+extended+family%2C+betrothed+Sonam+Peldren+to+the+scribe+Pelek.%0A%0ASonam+Peldren%2C+however%2C+refused+to+marry+the+groom+of+her+family%27s+choice%2C+and+instead+insisted+that+she+marry+Rinchen+Pel%2C+claiming+that+her+union+with+Rinchen+Pel+was+karmically+predestined.+Sonam+Peldren%27s+father%2C+step-mother%2C+sister%2C+brothers%2C+and+several+other+relatives+questioned+Sonam+Peldren%27s+refusal+to+marry+a+wealthy+man+from+central+Tibet+to+marry+instead+a+landless+man+from+the+%22miserable+region%22+%28sdugs+sa%2C+sic%29+of+Kham.+Sonam+Peldren%27s+fianc%C3%A9+himself+was+appalled+by+the+adamant+refusal+of+his+betrothed+to+follow+her+father%27s+wishes%2C+and+eventually+withdrew+his+offer+of+marriage.+Sonam+Peldren%27s+family+reluctantly+returned+the+gifts+received+from+the+scribe+and+his+family%3B+after+Rinchen+Pel+supplied+his+own+gifts%2C+the+two+were+considered+married.+Following+her+death+it+was+Rinchen+Pel+who+would+promote+her+teachings+and+visions%2C+in+part+with+a+written+narrative+of+her+life.%0A%0AThe+biography+of+Sonam+Peldren+records+only+general+stories+about+the+events+in+Sonam+Peldren%27s+life+between+her+marriage+at+age+sixteen+and+the+final+months+of+her+life+before+her+death+at+age+forty-four.+Sonam+Peldren+lived+as+a+nomad+and+traveled+with+her+husband+and+fellow+nomads%2C+first+in+the+central+Tibetan+region+of+U-Tsang+%28dbus+gtsang%29+until+she+was+thirty+years+old%2C+and+then+in+the+%22eight+valley%22+region+%28brgyad+shod%29+of+eastern+Tibet+until+her+death.+Sonam+Peldren+and+Rinchen+Pel+had+four+children%3A+two+sons+named+Sonam+Dondrub+%28bsod+nams+don+%27grub%29+and+Tsukdor+Gyab+%28gtsug+tor+skyabs%29+and+two+daughters+named+Gumril+or+Gumrim+%28gum+ril%2Fm%29+and+Sonam+Kyi+%28bsod+nams+skyid%29+The+birth+order+of+these+children%2C+and+Sonam+Peldren%27s+age+at+their+birth%2C+is+not+known.%0A%0AThese+years+of+travel+are+described+in+the+biography+as+punctuated+by+Sonam+Peldren%27s+miracles+and+acts+of+generosity.+For+example%2C+her+biography+recounts+that+Sonam+Peldren+gave+nearly+all+of+her+clothing+to+beggars%2C+opting+to+live+in+a+simple+cotton+piece+of+clothing+without+shoes%3B+it+was+said+that+while+other+members+of+her+group+developed+frostbite+underneath+their+thick+clothing%2C+Sonam+Peldren%2C+barefoot+and+wearing+only+a+cotton+tunic%2C+walked+unimpeded+through+the+snow%2C+melting+it+with+her+feet.++%0A%0AOther+examples+of+miracles+attributed+to+Sonam+Peldren+include+the+following%3A+when+traveling+over+a+snowy+mountain+pass%2C+she+dug+a+tunnel+through+the+snow+covering+the+mountain+pass+and+traveled+straight+through+to+the+other+side%2C+shocking+the+other+nomads+who+traveled+around+the+peak+by+reaching+their+destination+first%3B+she+broke+up+a+knife+fight+by+grabbing+four+men+in+each+of+her+hands+and+holding+them+apart+until+they+ceased+quarreling%3B+when+a+bandit+stole+most+of+the+nomadic+group%27s+horses+in+the+middle+of+the+night%2C+she+leapt+onto+the+nearest+remaining+horse%2C+raced+down+the+road+after+the+fleeing+animals%2C+and%2C+grabbing+the+animals%27+manes+with+her+left+and+right+hands%2C+led+them+back+to+camp%3B+she+carried+the+carcass+of+a+fallen+yak+up+a+steep+mountainside+and+back+to+her+nomad+encampment+for+their+consumption%3B+when+the+ice+over+a+river+broke+beneath+the+feet+of+a+pack+animal%2C+she+yanked+the+yak+out+of+the+freezing+water+by+its+tail%2C+pulling+it+to+safety%3B+she+flung+a+load+of+barley+off+the+back+of+one+pack+animal+and+onto+another+when+the+animal+became+lodged+in+a+narrow+pass%3B+when+a+pack+animal+stumbled+and+fell+over+a+rocky+cliff%2C+she+reached+down+and+pulled+it+up+to+safety.%0A%0AWithout+exception%2C+the+biography+describes+these+episodes+ending+with+Sonam+Peldren+glibly+attributing+her+accomplishments+to+luck+or+fortuitous+circumstances%3B+for+example%2C+she+explained+that+a+huge+wave+had+actually+lifted+the+yak+out+of+the+freezing+river.+Also+without+exception%2C+the+biography+records+that+her+fellow+nomads+somehow+failed+to+recognize+Sonam+Peldren%27s+abilities.%0A%0AIn+the+final+year+of+her+life%2C+when+she+and+her+fellow+nomads+were+traveling+in+a+Ya+Nga+near+what+is+now+the+city+of+Chamda+%28bya+%2F+lcam+mda%27%29+in+today%27s+Driru+%28%27bri+ru%29+county+in+the+Tibet+Autonomous+Region%2C+Sonam+Peldren+gave+increasingly+explicit+religious+interpretations+of+her+actions+to+Rinchen+Pel%2C+and+described+her+dreams%2C+visions%2C+and+premonitions+of+death.%0A%0AIn+particular%2C+Sonam+Peldren+described+recurring+dreams+and+waking+visions+in+which+unnamed+various+female+figures%2C+each+with+their+own+retinue%2C+appeared+before+her.+Explaining+that+a+plague+would+erupt+in+the+nomad+community+if+Sonam+Peldren+did+not+accompany+them+by+the+fifth+month+of+that+year%2C+the+female+figures+demanded+that+Sonam+Peldren+leave+her+nomad+group+and+travel+with+them.+Sonam+Peldren+interpreted+these+dreams+and+visions+to+mean+that+she+would+die+in+the+fifth+month.%0A%0AFollowing+these+visions+and+for+the+next+several+months%2C+Sonam+Peldren+claimed+to+experience+visions%2C+gave+increasingly+lengthy+teachings+to+Rinchen+Pel+about+the+religious+nature+of+her+identity+and+daily+activities%2C+and+continued+to+express+a+conviction+that+her+death+was+imminent+and+that+relics+would+be+found+in+her+cremation+ashes.+Many+of+her+teachings%2C+which+took+the+form+of+spontaneous+songs+%28mgur%29%2C+focused+on+basic+Buddhist+doctrines+of+impermanence%2C+non-attachment%2C+and+so+forth.+Other+speeches+made+reference+to+esoteric+Buddhist+practices+and+philosophies%2C+such+as+the+Mah%C4%81mudr%C4%81+and+other+doctrines+typically+associated+with+the+Kagyu+school+of+Tibetan+Buddhism.+These+teachings+were+noteworthy+given+the+absence+of+any+religious+training+or+practice+up+to+that+point%2C+a+topic+which+Sonam+Peldren%27s+husband%2C+family%2C+and+community+returned+to+repeatedly+in+their+criticisms+of+her+claims.%0A%0AOn+the+predicted+day+of+the+fifth+month+of+the+water+mouse+year%2C+Sonam+Peldren+declared+that+she+was+ready+to+die.+According+to+her+husband%27s+account%2C+she+first+claimed+to+see+multi-colored+ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dalas+of+d%C4%81kin%C4%ABs+and+tutelary+deities+in+the+sky%2C+then+conducted+an+offering+ritual%2C+and+declared+that+she+was+ready+%22to+go.%22+Crying+%22Heek%21%22+her+body+was+said+to+have+shot+into+the+sky%2C+then+to+have+come+down+and+bounced+five+times%2C+each+time+higher.+Finally%2C+her+corpse+glowed+with+white+light%3B+gods+and+goddesses+of+light+poured+from+her+body%2C+and+accompanied+her+consciousness+as+it+departed+for+a+Buddha+realm.+The+corpse+descended+slowly+to+earth+and+landed+in+a+seated+posture+on+the+ground.+A+red+drop+appeared+in+the+right+nostril+and+a+white+drop+in+the+left%3B+when+Rinchen+Pel+wiped+the+drops+away+with+a+flat+rock%2C+images+of+a+red+sow+and+a+deity+wearing+a+tiger+skin+appeared+on+the+surface+of+the+stone.+Rainbows+were+seen%2C+and+that+night+visions+of+palaces+and+various+mandalas+filled+the+sky.%0A%0AThe+date+of+her+death+given+in+her+biography+is+the+twenty-third+day+of+the+fifth+month+of+the+water+male-mouse+year+%281312+or+1372%29%2C+meaning+she+would+have+been+about+forty-four+years+old.%0A%0AUpon+cremation+Sonam+Peldren%27s+skeleton+was+said+to+be+found+covered+with+images%3A+%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kin%C4%ABs+and+dharma+protectors%3B+multiple+images+of+Vajrav%C4%81rah%C4%AB+%28known+as+Dorje+Pakmo+in+Tibetan%29%2C+Vajr%C4%81pa%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%2C+the+Buddha+%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni%2C+T%C4%81r%C4%81%2C+Vairocana%2C+Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara%2C+Vajrasattva%2C+Ratnasambhava%2C+Amit%C4%81bha%2C+Maitreya%2C+Vajrayogin%C4%AB%2C+D%C4%ABpa%E1%B9%83kara+and+Vajradhara.+Also+said+to+be+visible+were+the+thirty-two+print+and+cursive+letters+of+the+Tibetan+alphabet%3B+multiple+and+variously-colored+sows%3B+an+elephant%2C+vajra%2C+conch+shell%2C+fish%2C+and+bell%3B+and+the+letter+%22Ah%22+as+well+as+the+syllable+%22Tam%22.+On+her+pelvic+bone+were+signs+of+the+secret+wisdom+%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kin%C4%AB%2C+a+triangle%2C+the+syllable+%22Bam%2C%22+a+flower%2C+two+%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kin%C4%ABs%2C+and+three+circles+of+mantras.%0A%0AFor+Rinchen+Pel%2C+Sonam+Peldren%27s+miraculous+death+vindicated+her+claims+of+religious+authority%3B+others+in+her+community+were+not+convinced.+Beginning+seven+months+after+her+passing%2C+Rinchen+Pel+claimed+to+experience+nine+posthumous+encounters+with+Sonam+Peldren.+The+nature+of+these+encounters+varied.+In+some%2C+Rinchen+Pel+asked+questions%2C+such+as+why+Sonam+Peldren%27s+body+had+been+ugly%2C+inferior%2C+and+female+during+her+lifetime%3B+what+he+was+supposed+to+do+with+the+vast+quantity+of+relics+produced+from+her+corpse%3B+how+Sonam+Peldren+had+accrued+religious+knowledge+in+her+lifetime+despite+no+visible+study+or+practice+of+religion%3B+and+what+the+meaning+had+been+of+Sonam+Peldren%27s+strange+dreams%2C+visions%2C+songs+and+religious+pronouncements+in+the+last+months+of+her+life.%0A%0AIn+another+posthumous+vision%2C+when+Rinchen+Pel+retreated+to+a+mountainside+to+petition+Sonam+Peldren+for+guidance+about+whether+he+should+ordain+as+a+monk%2C+Sonam+Peldren+appeared+and+sang+a+verse+about+emptiness+and+the+nature+of+mind.+In+two+other+visions%2C+Sonam+Peldren+chastised+Rinchen+Pel+for+neglecting+her+relics%2C+using+them+to+get+material+gain+for+himself%2C+and+for+letting+others%27+doubts+about+the+authenticity+of+the+relics+affect+his+presentation+and+explanation+of+them%2C+an+accusation+which+Rinchen+Pel+denied.+In+yet+other+visions%2C+Sonam+Peldren+simply+appeared+in+the+form+of+Dorje+Pakmo+before+Rinchen+Pel%2C+along+with+rainbows%2C+%E1%B8%8D%C4%81kin%C4%ABs%2C+unusual+birds%2C+Sanskrit+letters+on+mountain+peaks.%0A%0AToday+Sonam+Peldren+is+remembered+as+an+exemplary+female+practitioner.+A+nunnery+in+Driru+named+Ya+Nga+Chamda+Ganden+Khacho+Ling+Nunnery+%28ya+nga+bya+mda%27+btsun+dgon+dga%27+ldan+mkha%27+phyod+gling%29%2C+called+either+Khacho+Ling+or+Ganden+Khacho+Ling+for+short%2C+stands+on+her+death+site%3B+this+nunnery+contains+a+large+wall+mural+depicting+events+from+the+lives+of+both+Sonam+Peldren+and+Rinchen+Pel.+Resident+nuns+perform+and+offering+ritual+to+Sonam+Peldren+three+times+a+month.%0A%0AHer+legacy+was+strong+enough+that+by+the+sixteenth+or+seventeenth+century+a+text+describing+the+history+of+Tibet%27s+only+female+reincarnation+lineage%2C+the+Samding+Dorje+Pakmo+%28bsam+lding+rdo+rje+phag+mo%29%2C+could+name+her+as+an+early+figure+in+the+lineage%2C+both+an+incarnation+of+Dorje+Pakmo+and+a+pre-incarnation+of+Chokyi+Drolma%2C+the+First+Samding+Dorje+Pakmo+%28bsam+sdings+rdo+rje+phag+mo+01+chos+kyi+sgron+ma%2C+1422-1467%2F1468%29.+However%2C+it+is+worthwhile+to+point+out+that+at+Ganden+Khacho+Ling+she+is+not+regarded+as+belonging+to+the+Samding+Dorje+Pakmo+incarnation+line%2C+nor+is+she+considered+to+have+been+an+incarnation+of+Dorje+Pakmo.%0A%0AAt+least+one+twentieth-century+woman+claimed+to+be+an+incarnation+of+Sonam+Peldren%3A+Khandro+Kunsang+%28mkha%27+%27gro+kun+bzang%2C+d.+2004%29%2C+a+woman+affiliated+with+the+Kagyu+tradition+who+gained+great+regional+fame+as+a+tantric+practitioner+and+healer.%0A%0ASource+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Ftreasuryoflives.org%2Fbiographies%2Fview%2Fbsod-nam-dpal-dren%2F%2F13196%5D
Served+as+Khenpo+at+Kathok+during+the+time+of+the+sixth+drung+rabs+of+Rdo+rje+%27od+zer. +
Buddhabhadra+%28%E4%BD%9B%E9%A6%B1%E8%B7%8B%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%2C+359%E2%80%93429%29+means+enlightenment+worthy.+Born+in+northern+India%2C+he+was+a+descendent+of+King+Am%E1%B9%9Btodana%2C+who+was+the+youngest+of+the+three+uncles+of+%C5%9A%C4%81kyamuni+Buddha+%28circa+563%E2%80%93483+BCE%29.+He+renounced+family+life+at+age+seventeen+and+became+a+monk.+Studying+hard%2C+he+mastered+meditation+and+the+Vinaya.%0A%0AIn+408%2C+the+tenth+year+of+the+Hongshi+%28%E5%BC%98%E5%A7%8B%29+years+of+the+Later+Qin+Dynasty+%28%E5%BE%8C%E7%A7%A6+or+%E5%A7%9A%E7%A7%A6%2C+384%E2%80%93417%29%2C+one+of+the+Sixteen+Kingdoms+%28304%E2%80%93439%29%2C+he+went+to+its+capital%2C+Chang-an.+The+illustrious+translator+Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva+%28%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80%2C+344%E2%80%93413%29+had+arrived+there+in+401.+However%2C+Buddhabhadra+did+not+like+Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva%E2%80%99s+students.+Together+with+his+own+forty-some+students%2C+he+went+to+the+Lu+Mountain+%28%E5%BB%AC%E5%B1%B1%2C+in+present-day+Jiangxi+Province%29+and+stayed+with+Master+Huiyuan+%28%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0%2C+334%E2%80%93416%29%2C+the+first+patriarch+of+the+Pure+Land+School+of+China.%0A%0AIn+415%2C+the+eleventh+year+of+the+Yixi+%28%E7%BE%A9%E7%86%99%29+years+of+the+Eastern+Jin+Dynasty+%28%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%89%2C+317%E2%80%93420%29%2C+Buddhabhadra+went+south+to+its+capital%2C+Jiankong+%28%E5%BB%BA%E5%BA%B7%29%2C+present-day+Nanjing%2C+Jiangsu+Province.+He+stayed+at+the+Daochang+Temple+%28%E9%81%93%E5%A0%B4%E5%AF%BA%29+and+began+his+translation+work.+Altogether%2C+he+translated+from+Sanskrit+into+Chinese+thirteen+texts+in+125+fascicles.+For+example%2C+texts+376+and+1425+were+translated+jointly+by+him+and+Faxian+%28%E6%B3%95%E9%A1%AF%2C+circa+337%E2%80%93422%29.+Text+376+%28T12n0376%29+in+6+fascicles+is+the+earliest+of+the+three+Chinese+versions+of+the+Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+S%C5%ABtra%3B+text+1425+%28T22n1425%29+in+40+fascicles+is+the+Chinese+version+of+the+Mah%C4%81sa%E1%B9%85ghika+Vinaya.+Texts+278+and+666+were+translated+by+him+alone+probably+between+years+418+and+421.+Text+278+%28T09n0278%29+is+the+60-fascicle+Chinese+version+of+the+Mah%C4%81vaipulya+S%C5%ABtra+of+Buddha+Adornment+%28Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%81saka-mah%C4%81vaipulya-s%C5%ABtra%29%3B+text+666+%28T16n0666%29+in+one+fascicle+is+the+first+of+the+two+extant+Chinese+versions+of+the+Mah%C4%81vaipulya+S%C5%ABtra+of+the+Tath%C4%81gata+Store.%0A%0AIn+429%2C+the+sixth+year+of+the+Yuanjia+%28%E5%85%83%E5%98%89%29+years+of+the+Liu+Song+Dynasty+%28%E5%8A%89%E5%AE%8B%2C+420%E2%80%9379%29%2C+Buddhabhadra+died%2C+at+age+seventy-one.+People+called+him+the+Indian+Meditation+Master.+He+is+one+of+the+eighteen+exalted+ones+of+the+Lu+Mountain.+%28%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.sutrasmantras.info%2Ftranslators.html%23kumarajiva+Source+Accessed+Aug+19%2C+2021%5D%29
Buddhaghosa.+%28S.+Buddhaghosa%29+%28fl.+c.+370-450+ce%29.+The+preeminent+P%C4%81li+commentator%2C+who+translated+into+P%C4%81li+the+Sinhalese+commentaries+to+the+P%C4%81li+canon+and+wrote+the+%27%27Visuddhimagga%27%27+%28%22Path+of+Purification%22%29%2C+the+definitive+outline+of+Therav%C4%81da+doctrine.+There+are+several+conflicting+accounts+of+Buddhaghosa%27s+origins%2C+none+of+which+can+be+dated+earlier+than+the+thirteenth+Century.+The+Mon+of+Lower+Burma+claim+him+as+a+native+son%2C+although+the+best-known+story%2C+which+is+found+in+the+C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa+%28chapter+37%29%2C+describes+Buddhaghosa+as+an+Indian+br%C4%81hmana+who+grew+up+in+the+environs+of+the+Mah%C4%81bodhi+temple+in+northern+India.+According+to+this+account%2C+his+father+served+as+a+purohita+%28br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a+priest%29+for+King+Sa%E1%B9%85g%C4%81ma%2C+while+he+himself+became+proficient+in+the+Vedas+and+related+Brahmanical+Sciences+at+an+early+age.+One+day%2C+he+was+defeated+in+a+debate+by+a+Buddhist+monk+named+Revata%2C+whereupon+he+entered+the+Buddhist+sa%E1%B9%83gha+to+learn+more+about+the+Buddha%27s+teachings.+He+received+his+monk%27s+name+Buddhaghosa%2C+which+means+%22Voice+of+the+Buddha%2C%22+because+of+his+sonorous+voice+and+impressive+rhetorical+skills.+Buddhaghosa+took+Revata+as+his+teacher+and+began+writing+commentaries+even+while+a+student.+Works+written+at+this+time+included+the+%27%27%C3%91%C4%81%E1%B9%87odaya%27%27+and+%27%27A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADhas%C4%81lin%C4%AB%27%27.+To+deepen+his+understanding+%28or+according+to+some+versions+of+his+story%2C+as+punishment+for+his+intellectual+pride%29%2C+Buddhaghosa+was+sent+to+Sri+Lanka+to+study+the+Sinhalese+commentaries+on+the+P%C4%81li+Buddhist+canon+%28P.+tipi%E1%B9%ADaka%3B+S.+Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka%29.+These+commentaries+were+said+to+have+been+brought+to+Sri+Lanka+in+the+third+Century+BCE%2C+where+they+were+translated+from+P%C4%81li+into+Sinhalese+and+subsequently+preserved+at+the+Mah%C4%81vih%C4%81ra+monastery+in+the+Sri+Lankan+Capital+of+Anur%C4%81dhapura.+At+the+Mah%C4%81vih%C4%81ra%2C+Buddhaghosa+studied+under+the+guidance+of+the+scholar-monk+Sa%E1%B9%85ghap%C4%81la.+Upon+completing+his+studies%2C+he+wrote+the+great+compendium+of+Therav%C4%81da+teachings%2C+%27%27Visuddhimagga%27%27%2C+which+summarizes+the+contents+of+the+P%C4%81li+tipi%E1%B9%ADaka+under+the+threefold+heading+of+morality+%28s%C4%ABla%3B+S.+%C5%9B%C4%ABla%29%2C+meditative+absorption+%28sam%C4%81dhi%29%2C+and+wisdom+%28pa%C3%B1%C3%B1%C4%81%3B+S.+praj%C3%B1%C4%81%29.+Impressed+with+his+expertise%2C+the+elders+of+the+Mah%C4%81vih%C4%81ra+allowed+Buddhaghosa+to+translate+the+Sinhalese+commentaries+back+into+P%C4%81li%2C+the+canonical+language+of+the+Therav%C4%81da+tipi%E1%B9%ADaka.+Attributed+to+Buddhaghosa+are+the+vinaya+commentaries%2C+%27%27Samantap%C4%81s%C4%81dik%C4%81%27%27+and+%27%27Ka%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81vitara%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%27%27%3B+the+commentaries+to+the+Suttapi%E1%B9%ADaka%2C+%27%27Suma%E1%B9%85galavil%C4%81sin%C4%AB%27%27%2C+%27%27Papa%C3%B1cas%C5%ABdan%C4%AB%27%27%2C+%27%27S%C4%81ratthappak%C4%81sin%C4%AB%27%27%2C+and+%27%27Manorathap%C5%ABra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%27%27%3B+also+attributed+to+him+is+the+%27%27Paramatthajotik%C4%81%27%27+%28the+commentary+to+the+%27%27Khuddakap%C4%81%E1%B9%ADha%27%27+and+%27%27Suttan%C4%ABp%C4%81ta%27%27%29.+Buddhaghosa%27s+commentaries+on+the+Abhidhammapi%E1%B9%ADaka+%28see+Abhidharma%29+include+the+%27%27Sammohavinodan%C4%AB%27%27+and+%27%27Pa%C3%B1cappakara%E1%B9%87a%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADihakath%C4%81%27%27%2C+along+with+the+%27%27A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADhas%C4%81lin%C4%AB%27%27.+Of+these+many+works%2C+Buddhaghosa+is+almost+certainly+author+of+the+%27%27Visuddhimagga%27%27+and+translator+of+the+commentaries+to+the+four+nik%C4%81yas%2C+but+the+remainder+are+probably+later+attributions.+Regardless+of+attribution%2C+the+body+of+work+associated+with+Buddhaghosa+was+profoundly+influential+on+the+entire+subsequent+history+of+Buddhist+scholasticism+in+the+Therav%C4%81da+traditions+of+Sri+Lanka+and+Southeast+Asia.+%28Source%3A+%22Buddhaghosa.%22+In+%27%27The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%27%27%2C+152.+Princeton+University+Press%2C+2014.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n41q.27.%29
J%C3%B1%C4%81nap%C4%81da+%28autonym%3A+Buddhaj%C3%B1%C4%81na%2C+also+referred+to+as+Buddha%C5%9Br%C4%ABj%C3%B1%C4%81na%2C+%2ABuddhaj%C3%B1%C4%81nap%C4%81da%2C+%2A%C5%9Ar%C4%ABj%C3%B1%C4%81nap%C4%81da%3B+fl.+c.+770%E2%80%93820+CE%29%2C+was+one+of+the+most+influential+figures+of+mature+Indian+esoteric+Buddhism.+He+is+remembered+first+and+foremost+as+the+founder+of+the+earlier+of+the+two+most+important+exegetical+schools+of+the+Guhyasam%C4%81jatantra+%28%E2%86%92BEB+I%2C+Guhyasam%C4%81ja%29%2C+but+he+was+also+very+likely+a+guru+of+some+note+in+the+P%C4%81la+court%2C+the+dominant+power+in+East+India+at+the+time%2C+and+the+first+warden+of+the+famous+Vikrama%C5%9B%C4%ABla+monastery.++%28Source%3A+%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fs.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-buddhism%26search-go%3D%26s.q%3DJ%25C3%25B1%25C4%2581nap%25C4%2581da+Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism+Online%5D%29 +
Buddhap%C4%81lita.+%28T.+Sangs+rgyas+bskyang%29+%28c.+470%E2%80%94540%29.+An+Indian+Buddhist+scholar+of+the+Madhyamaka+school%2C+who+is+regarded+in+Tibet+as+a+key+figure+of+what+was+dubbed+the+Pr%C4%81sa%E1%B9%85gika+school+of+Madhyamaka.+Little+is+known+about+the+life+of+Buddhap%C4%81lita.+He+is+best+known+for+his+commentary+on+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna%27s+%27%27M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81%27%27%2C+a+commentary+that+was+thought+to+survive+only+in+Tibetan+translation%2C+until+the+recent+rediscovery+of+a+Sanskrit+manuscript.+Buddhap%C4%81lita%27s+commentary+bears+a+close+relation+in+some+chapters+to+the+%27%27Akutobhay%C4%81%27%27%2C+another+commentary+on+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna%27s+%27%27M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81%27%27+of+uncertain+authorship%2C+which+is+sometimes+attributed+to+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna+himself.+In+his+commentary%2C+Buddhap%C4%81lita+does+not+adopt+some+of+the+assumptions+of+the+Buddhist+logical+tradition+of+the+day%2C+including+the+need+to+state+one%27s+position+in+the+form%0Aof+an+autonomous+inference+%28%27%27svatantr%C4%81num%C4%81na%27%27%29.+Instead%2C+Buddhap%C4%81lita+merely+states+an+absurd+consequence+%28%27%27prasa%E1%B9%85ga%27%27%29%0Athat+follows+from+the+opponent%27s+position.+In+his+own+commentary+on+the+first+chapter+of+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna%27s+text%2C+Bh%C4%81vaviveka+criticizes+Buddhap%C4%81lita%27s+method%2C+arguing+for+the+need+for+the+Madhyamaka+adept+to+state+his+own+position+after+refuting+the+position+of+the+opponent.+In+his+commentary+on+the+same+chapter%2C+Candrak%C4%ABrti+in+turn+defended+the+approach+of+Buddhap%C4%81lita+and+criticized+Bh%C4%81vaviveka.+It+was+on+the+basis+of+these+three+commentaries+that+later+Tibetan+exegetes+identified+two+schools+within+Madhyamaka%2C+the+Sv%C4%81tantrika%2C+in+which+they+included+Bh%C4%81vaviveka%2C+and+the+Pr%C4%81sa%E1%B9%85gika%2C+in+which+they+included+Buddhap%C4%81lita+and+Candrak%C4%ABrti.+%28Source%3A+%22Buddhap%C4%81lita.%22+In+%27%27The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%27%27%2C+154%E2%80%9355.+Princeton+University+Press%2C+2014.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n41q.27.%29
Buddhaya%C5%9Bas.+%28C.+Fotuoyeshe%3B+J.+Butsudayasha%3B+K.+Pult%27ayasa+%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E8%80%B6%E8%88%8D%E2%80%8E%29+%28d.u.%3B+fl.+c.+early+fifth+century%29.+A+monk+from+Kashmir+.+.+.++who+became+an+important+early+translator+of+Indic+Buddhist+texts+into+Chinese.+Buddhaya%C5%9Bas+is+said+to+have+memorized+several+million+words+worth+of+both+mainstream+and+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+materials+and+became+a+renowned+teacher+in+his+homeland.+He+later+taught+the+Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da+vinaya+to+the+preeminent+translator+Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva+and+later+joined+his+star+pupil+in+China%2C+traveling+to+the+capital+of+Chang%27an+at+Kum%C3%A3raj%C4%ABva%27s+invitation+in+408.+While+in+China%2C+he+collaborated+with+the+Chinese+monk+Zhu+Fonian+%28d.u.%29+in+the+translation+of+two+massive+texts+of+the+mainstream+Buddhist+tradition%3A+the+Sifen+L%C3%BC+%28%22Four-Part+Vinaya%2C%22+in+sixty+rolls%29%2C+the+vinaya+collection+of+the+Dharmaguptaka+school%2C+which+would+become+the+definitive+vinaya+used+within+the+Chinese+tradition%3B+and+the+D%C4%ABrgh%C4%81gama%2C+also+generally+presumed+to+be+associated+with+the+Dharmaguptakas.+Even+after+returning+to+Kashmir+four+years+later%2C+Buddhaya%C5%9Bas+is+said+to+have+continued+with+his+translation+work%2C+eventually+sending+back+to+China+his+rendering+of+the+%27%27%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbhas%C5%ABtra%27%27.+%28Source%3A+%22Buddhaya%C5%9Bas.%22+In+%27%27The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%27%27%2C+157.+Princeton+University+Press%2C+2014.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n41q.27.%29 +
Buddha%C5%9Br%C4%AB+was+an+important+Sakya+master+active+in+western+central+Tibet+in+the+late+fourteenth+and+early+fifteenth+century.+He+was+an+important+Lamdre+master+who+passed+on+that+teaching+cycle+to+Ngorchen+Kunga+Zangpo. +
Buddha%C5%9B%C4%81nta.+A+north+Indian+%2Amonk+who+went+to+%2AChina+in+511+CE+where+he+cooperated+with+%2ABodhiruci+in+translating+the+%2A%27%27Da%C5%9Babhumika+S%C5%ABtra%27%27.+Later+he+worked+on+a+version+of+the+%2A%27%27Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na-sa%E1%B9%83graha%27%27+and+other+texts.+%28Source%3A+%22Buddha%C5%9B%C4%81nta.%22+In+%27%27A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%27%27%2C+45.+Oxford+University+Press%2C+2003%29 +
The+late+Reverend+Bunn%C5%8D+Kat%C5%8D%2C+born+in+1888%2C+the+translator+of+%27%27My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D-Renge-Ky%C5%8D%2C+The+Sutra+of+the+Lotus+Flower+of+the+Wonderful+Law%27%27%2C+was+a+priest-scholar+of+the+Nichiren+Sect+of+Japanese+Buddhism.+He+completed+this+translation+after+three+years+of+devoted+work%2C+when+he+was+studying+at+Oxford+University+since+1922%2C+with+the+help+of+Rev.+William+Soothill%2C+professor+of+Chinese.+On+returning+to+Japan+in+1925%2C+he+soon+became+a+lecturer+at+Rissh%C5%8D+University+and+editor+of+the+%27%27Nissh%C5%AB+Shimp%C5%8D%27%27%2C+then+a+mnthly+bulletin+of+the+Nichiren+Sect.+Afterwards+he+was+appointed+head+of+the+doctrinal+department+at+the+headquarters+of+the+Sect.+Kat%C5%8D%27s+hopes+of+having+his+English+translation+of+the+Lotus+Sutra+published+failed+to+materialize+several+times+because+of+the+costs+involved.+After+his+death%2C+the+manuscript+was+donated+by+his+widow+to+the+library+of+Rissh%C5%8D+University%2C+where+it+was+kept+for+35+years+until+turned+over+to+Dr.+Wilhelm+Schiffer%2C+professor+at+Sophia+University+and+director+of+the+International+Institute+of+the+Study+of+Religions%2C+in+1967+for+further+revision.+His+translation%2C+indeed%2C+saw+the+light+of+day+after+an+elapse+of+46+years+since+he+completed+the+translation+in+Oxford.+%28Source%3A+book+jacket%2C+%27%27My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D-Renge-Ky%C5%8D%2C+The+Sutra+of+the+Lotus+Flower+of+the+Wonderful+Law%27%27%29 +
Nanjo+Bunyu%2C+or+Nanj%C5%8D+Bun%27y%C5%AB+%28%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%A1%E6%96%87%E9%9B%84%29+%281+July+1849+%E2%80%93+9+November+1927%29+was+a+Buddhist+priest+and+one+of+the+most+important+modern+Japanese+scholars+of+Buddhism.+Nanj%C5%8D+was+born+to+the+abbot+of+Seiunji+Temple+%28%E8%AA%93%E9%81%8B%E5%AF%BA%29%2C+part+of+the+Shinshu+%C5%8Ctani+sect+%28%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B7%E6%B4%BE%29+of+the+Higashi+Honganji+%28%E6%9D%B1%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA%29+branch+of+Jodo+Shinshu.%0A%0ANanj%C5%8D+studied+Classical+Chinese+texts+and+Buddhist+doctrine+in+his+youth+before+being+sent+to+Europe+in+1876+to+study+Sanskrit+and+Indian+philosophy+from+European+scholars%2C+including+Max+M%C3%BCller%2C+under+whom+Bunyu+studied+in+England.+While+there+he+met+the+Chinese+Buddhist+Yang+Wenhui%2C+whom+he+helped+to+acquire+some+three+hundred+Chinese+Buddhist+texts+that+had+been+lost+in+China+to+be+reprinted+at+Yang%27s+printing+house+in+Nanjing.%0A%0AIn+September+1880%2C+Nanj%C5%8D+examined+and+cataloged+a+complete+edition+of+the+Chinese+translation+of+the+Buddhist+Tripitaka+that+had+been+gifted+to+the+India+Office+Library+in+London+by+the+Japanese+government.+He+determined+that+the+India+Office+Library+collection+contained+the+same+works+as+those+mentioned+in+the+oldest+Catalogue+of+the+Chinese+Translation+of+the+Buddhist+Tripitaka+compiled+in+520+AD.%0A%0AHe+returned+to+Japan+in+1884+and+served+as+a+professor+or+head+of+a+number+of+Buddhist+seminaries+and+universities+until+his+death.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNanjo_Bunyu+Source+Accessed+Jan+13%2C+2022%5D%29 +
Burton+Dewitt+Watson+%28June+13%2C+1925+%E2%80%93+April+1%2C+2017%29+was+an+American+sinologist%2C+translator%2C+and+writer+known+for+his+English+translations+of+Chinese+and+Japanese+literature.+Watson%27s+translations+received+many+awards%2C+including+the+Gold+Medal+Award+of+the+Translation+Center+at+Columbia+University+in+1979%2C+the+PEN+Translation+Prize+in+1982+for+his+translation+with+Hiroaki+Sato+of+%27%27From+the+Country+of+Eight+Islands%3A+An+Anthology+of+Japanese+Poetry%27%27%2C+and+again+in+1995+for+%27%27Selected+Poems+of+Su+Tung-p%27o%27%27.+In+2015%2C+at+age+88%2C+Watson+was+awarded+the+PEN%2FRalph+Manheim+Medal+for+Translation+for+his+long+and+prolific+translation+career.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBurton_Watson+Source+Accessed+June+7%2C+2021%5D +
C
C.+Pierce+Salguero+is+an+interdisciplinary+humanities+scholar+interested+in+the+role+of+Buddhism+in+the+cross-cultural+exchange+of+medical+ideas+worldwide.+He+has+a+PhD+in+the+history+of+medicine+from+Johns+Hopkins+University%2C+and+is+associate+professor+of+Asian+history+and+religious+studies+at+Penn+State+University%27s+Abington+College.+He+is+the+author+of+%27%27Translating+Buddhist+Medicine+in+Medieval+China%27%27+%282014%29%2C+and+a+number+of+articles+on+Buddhism+and+medicine+in+Asian+history.+%28%27%27Buddhism+and+Medicine%27%27%2C+672%29 +
Prof.+Dr.+C.+Upender+Rao+is+now+working+as+a+Professor+in+the+School+of+Sanskrit+and+Indic+Studies%2C+at+Jawaharlal+Nehru+University%2C+New+Delhi.+He+is+the+senior+most+professor+in+the+school+at+present.+He+was+the+Chairperson+of+Special+Centre+for+Sanskrit+Studies+at+J+N+U.+He+specialized+in+Sanskrit+Language+and+literature+and+poetics%2C+Pali+and+Early+Buddhist+literature.+He+recently+taught+Sanskrit+for+a+month+%28June%2C+2018%29+in+Hue+Quang+Buddhist+monastery+of+Hochiminh+city+in+Vietnam.+Prof.+Rao+was+a+Visiting+professor+in+Cambodia+on+ICCR+chair%2C+Govt.+of+India.%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3EHe+is+holding+Ph.+D.+%281996%29+from+the+dept.+of+Sanskrit%2C+Osmania+University%2C+Hyderabad+on+%E2%80%9CPhilosophical+Ideas+in+D%C4%ABghanik%C4%81ya%E2%80%9D.+He+passed+M.A.+in+Sanskrit+with+distinction+%28Gold+Medal%29+and+M.+A.+in+Pali+first+class+%28Gold+Medal%29+from+Banaras+Hindu+University%2C+Varanasi%2C+did+M.+Phil+%28Sanskrit%29+on+%E2%80%9CStudy+of+Simile+in+Shishupala-vadham%E2%80%9D+and+B.+Ed.+He+passed+exams+of+Prakrit+in+All+India+Summer+School%E2%80%9F+in+Pr%C4%81krit+Language+and+Literature%2C+Elementary+Course+1992%2C+Advanced+Course%2C+1996%2C+in+Bhogilal+Leherchand+Institute+of+Indology%2C+Delhi.%3Cbr%3E%3Cbr%3EHe+has+edited+and+authored+22+books.+At+present+he+is+working+on+some+important+Indic+issues+such+as+Sanskrit%2C+Pali+and+Ramayana+in+Sanskrit+inscriptions+of+south+East+Asia%2C+mainly%2C+Cambodia.+He+is+member+of+Global+encyclopedia+of+Ramayana+of+Ayodhya+Research+Institute%2C+U.+P.+He+recently+presented+his+paper+in+Vietnam+on+%E2%80%9CIndian+Culture+in+Sanskrit+inscriptions+of+Cambodia%E2%80%9D+and+on+%E2%80%9EAkshara+Philosophy%E2%80%9F+in+Dallas%2C+USA+%28August%2C+2018%29.+He+has+extensively+written+and+published+research+papers+and+books+in%0ASanskrit%2C+Pali%2C+Hindi%2C+Telugu+and+English+languages.+He+received+number+of+awards+and+certificates+of+honors+from+various+institutions+in+India+and+abroad.+%28http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnu.ac.in%2FFaculty%2Fcurao%2FCV_Rao.pdf+Source+Accessed+Apr+2%2C+2021%5D%29
%5BC.+W.+%22Sandy%22%5D+Huntington+was+known+foremost+for+his+work+in+Mahayana+Buddhist+thought%2C+in+particular+the+Madhyamaka+philosophy+of+India+and+Tibet.+More+recently%2C+he+published+a+novel%2C+Maya+%28Wisdom+Publications+2015%29%2C+set+in+India+in+the+1970s%2C+and+wrote+an+article%2C+%E2%80%9CThe+Triumph+of+Narcissism%3A+Therav%C4%81da+Buddhist+Meditation+in+the+Marketplace%2C%E2%80%9D+critiquing+certain+psychotherapeutic+models+of+teaching+and+understanding+vipassan%C4%81+meditation+found+in+the+West+today.%2A+%0A%0AUntil+his+death%2C+Huntington+served+as+a+professor+of+religious+studies+at+Hartwick+College%2C+in+Oneonta%2C+New+York%2C+where+he+won+both+the+Margaret+L.+Bunn+Award+for+Excellence+in+Teaching+%282004%29+and+the+Teacher%2FScholar+Award+%282019%29.+Before+teaching+at+Hartwick%2C+Huntington+worked+at+the+University+of+Michigan%2C+his+alma+mater%2C+as+well+as+Denison+College+and+Antioch+University%E2%80%99s+Buddhist+Studies+in+India+program%2C+based+in+Bodh+Gaya.%0A%0AAs+a+doctoral+student%2C+Huntington+was+guided+at+the+University+of+Michigan+by+Luis+G%C3%B3mez%2C+himself+a+beloved+and+prolific+scholar+of+Indian+Buddhist+thought.+During+this+time%2C+Huntington+traveled+to+India+to+study+Sanskrit+and+Tibetan+with+the+great+masters+of+the+day%2C+returning+many+times+over+his+career.+On+one+such+visit%2C+he+translated+Candrak%C4%ABrti%E2%80%99s+Madhyamak%C4%81vat%C4%81ra+with+Gesh%C3%A9+Namgyal+Wangchen%2C+later+published+as+The+Emptiness+of+Emptiness+%28Hawaii+University+Press+1989%29%2C+a+pioneering+text+in+Buddhist+philosophy.+Huntington+went+on+to+work+closely+with+fellow+scholars+on+topics+of+hermeneutics+and+methodology+in+the+study+of+Buddhist+philosophy%2C+asking+scholars+to+look+not+only+at+what+the+texts+mean%2C+but+what+presuppositions+and+attitudes+were+influencing+their+own+interpretations+and+understandings.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Fnews%2Fbuddhist-scholar-cw-sandy-huntington-dies-aged-71+Source+Accessed+May+26%2C+2021%5D%29
17th+cent.+explorer%3B+Portuguese +
Caitlin+Collins%2C+when+living+in+Los+Angeles+in+1979%2C+had+the+good+fortune+to+see+His+Holiness+the+Dalai+Lama+on+his+first+visit+to+America.+She+has+been+practising+the+Dharma+ever+since+under+the+guidance+of+His+Holiness+and+other+wonderful+teachers+from+the+four+main+Tibetan+traditions%2C+as+well+as+Theravada+and+Zen.+Cait+has+been+studying+with+Ringu+Tulku+Rinpoche+since+1996%2C+and+started+the+first+Bodhicharya+group%2C+Bodhicharya+Bosham+group+in+West+Sussex%2C+in+1998%2C+under+his+direction.+She+now+lives+in+the+Exmoor+National+Park+with+three+horses+and+a+dog%2C+where+she+looks+after+Bodhicharya+Somerset+and+tries+to+live+a+quiet+life+of+semi-retreat+except+when+enticed+out+by+eco-activism+or+cream+teas.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fbodhicharya.org%2Fuk%2Fpeople%2F+Source+Accessed+Jan+7%2C+2025%5D%29 +
Camillo+Formigatti+studied+Indology+and+Sanskrit+as+a+secondary+subject+when+he+was+studying+Classics+at+the+%E2%80%9CUniversit%C3%A0+Statale%E2%80%9D+in+Milan.+After+that+he+spent+ten+years+in+Germany%2C+learning+Tibetan+and+textual+criticism+in+Marburg+and+manuscript+studies+in+Hamburg.+From+June+2008+to+May+2011%2C+he+worked+as+a+research+associate+on+the+project%3A+%27%27In+the+Margins+of+the+Text%3A+Annotated+Manuscripts+from+Northern+India+and+Nepal%27%27%2C+in+Hamburg.+From+November+2011+to+November+2014+he+worked+as+a+Research+Associate+on+the+%27%27Sanskrit+Manuscripts+Project%27%27+in+Cambridge+and+later+as+a+collaborator+in+the+project+%27%27Transforming+Tibetan+and+Buddhist+Book+Culture%27%27.+After+having+briefly+taught+Sanskrit+at+SOAS%2C+since+February+2016+he+is+the+John+Clay+Sanskrit+Librarian+at+the+Bodleian+Library%2C+University+of+Oxford.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fsanskritreadingroom.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F10%2F28%2Fsession-3-dr-camillo-formigatti%2F+Source+Accessed+July+22%2C+2021%5D%29 +
Candida+Bastos+is+a+translator+of+Buddhist+works+into+Portuguese.+She+has+translated+a+number+of+works+by+by+Chagdud+Tulku%2C+including+%27%27Port%C3%B5es+da+Pr%C3%A1tica+Budista%3A+Ensinamentos+Essenciais+de+um+Lama+Tibetano%27%27%2C+%27%27O+senhor+da+dan%C3%A7a%3A+a+autobiografia+de+um+lama+tibetano%27%27%2C+%27%27Para+Abrir+o+Cora%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3A+Treinamento+para+Paz%27%27%2C+%27%27Coment%C3%A1rios+sobre+Tara+Vermelha%27%27%2C+and+%27%27Vida+e+morte+no+Budismo+Tibetano%27%27.+She+has+also+co-translated%2C+with+Manoel+Vidal%2C+%27%27O+caminho+do+bodisatva%27%27%2C+a+Portuguese+translation+of+the+revised+edition+of+the+English+translation+of+the+%27%27Bodhicary%C4%81vat%C4%81ra%27%27+made+by+the+Padmakara+Translation+Group.+She+lives+in+S%C3%A3o+Paulo%2C+Brazil. +
Candragomin.+%28T.+Btsun+pa+zla+ba%29.+Fifth-century+CE+Indian+lay+poet+and+grammarian%2C+who+made+substantial+contributions+to+Sanskrit+grammar%2C+founding+what+was+known+as+the+C%C4%81ndra+school.+A+junior+contemporary+of+the+great+K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa%2C+Candragomin+was+one+of+the+most+accomplished+poets+in+the+history+of+Indian+Buddhism.+His+play+%27%27Lok%C4%81nanda%27%27%2C+which+tells+the+story+of+the+bodhisattva+king+Ma%E1%B9%87ic%C5%AB%E1%B8%8Da%2C+is+the+oldest+extant+Buddhist+play+and+was+widely+performed+in+the+centuries+after%0Aits+composition.+He+was+a+devotee+of+T%C4%81r%C4%81+and+composed+several+works+in+her+praise.+Tibetan+works+describe+him+as+a+proponent+of+Vij%C3%B1%C4%81nav%C3%A3da+who+engaged+in+debate+with+Candrak%C4%ABrti%2C+but+there+is+little+philosophical+content+in+his+works+that+can+be+confidently+ascribed+to+him.+Among+those+works+are+the+%22Letter+to+a+Disciple%22+%28%27%27%C5%9Ai%E1%B9%A3yalekha%27%27%29%2C+the+%22Confessional+Praise%22+%28%27%27De%C5%9Ban%C4%81stava%27%27%29%2C+and+perhaps+the+%22Twenty+Verses+on+the+Bodhisattva+Precepts%22+%28%27%27Bodhisattvasa%E1%B9%83varavi%E1%B9%83%C5%9Baka%27%27%29.++%28Source%3A+%22Candragomin.%22+In+%27%27The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%27%27%2C+165.+Princeton+University+Press%2C+2014.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n41q.27.%29 +
