Property:EncodedBio
From Tsadra Commons
This is a property of type Text.
A
Ati%C5%9Ba%2C+also+known+as+D%C4%ABpa%E1%B9%83kara%C5%9Br%C4%ABj%C3%B1%C4%81na+%28982-1054%29%2C+is+famous+for+being+a+master+from+the+ancient+Indian+Buddhist+land+of+Bengal+and+for+his+journeys+in+Indonesia+and+Nepal.+He+is+most+well+known+for+the+last+thirteen+years+of+his+life+in+Tibet.+Ati%C5%9Ba+was+one+of+the+most+influential+Indian+Buddhist+masters+ever+to+set+foot+in+Tibet.+%28James+Apple%2C+%27%27Ati%C5%9Ba+D%C4%ABpa%E1%B9%83kara%27%27%2C+page+1%29.%0A%0AIn+Tibet%2C+Ati%C5%9Ba+is+known+as+Jowo+J%C3%A9+or+Jowo+J%C3%A9+Palden+Atisha+%28%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BC%8B%29+or+Pandita+Dipamkara+%28%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%8E%E0%BE%9C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BE%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%29%2C+where+he+is+considered+the+founding+father+of+the+Kadam+tradition.+Born+in+S%C4%81hor+%28modern-day+Bangladesh%29%2C+he+became+a+scholar+of+the+famous+Indian+university+of+Vikrama%C5%9Bila+before+coming+to+Tibet+in+1042%2C+where+he+taught+and+authored+works+that+are+still+studied+today.+%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fbca.tsadra.org%2Findex.php%2FArticles%2FAti%25C5%259Ba_D%25C4%25ABpa%25E1%25B9%2583kara_%25C5%259Ar%25C4%25ABj%25C3%25B1%25C4%2581na%2527s_Teaching_on_the_Bodhisattvacary%25C4%2581vat%25C4%2581ra%3A_One_Text_to_Rule_Them_All_%28Forgues_2024%29+Learn+more+about+him+and+his+teachings+on+The+Way+of+the+Bodhisattva+here%5D.%3Cbr%3E%0A%0A%27%27%27Princeton+Dictionary+Entry%3A%27%27%27+Indian+Buddhist+monk+and+scholar+revered+by+Tibetan+Buddhists+as+a+leading+teacher+in+the+later+dissemination+%28%27%27phyi+dar%27%27%29+of+Buddhism+in+Tibet.+His+name%2C+also+written+as+Atisha%2C+is+an+Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba+form+of+the+Sanskrit+term+ati%C5%9Baya%2C+meaning+%E2%80%9Csurpassing+kindness.%E2%80%9D+Born+into+a+royal+family+in+what+is+today+Bangladesh%2C+Ati%C5%9Ba+studied+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhist+philosophy+and+tantra+as+a+married+layman+prior+to+being+ordained+at+the+age+of+twenty-nine%2C+receiving+the+ordination+name+of+D%C4%ABpa%E1%B9%83kara%C5%9Br%C4%ABj%C3%B1%C4%81na.+After+studying+at+the+great+monasteries+of+northern+India%2C+including+N%C4%81land%C4%81%2C+Odantapur%C4%AB%2C+Vikrama%C5%9B%C4%ABla%2C+and+Somapura%2C+he+is+said+to+have+journeyed+to+the+island+of+Sumatra%2C+where+he+studied+under+the+Cittam%C4%81tra+teacher+Dharmak%C4%ABrti%C5%9Br%C4%AB+%28also+known+as+guru+Sauvar%E1%B9%87adv%C4%ABpa%29+for+twelve+years%3B+he+would+later+praise+Dharmak%C4%ABrti%C5%9Br%C4%AB+as+a+great+teacher+of+bodhicitta.+Returning+to+India%2C+he+taught+at+the+Indian+monastic+university+of+Vikrama%C5%9B%C4%ABla.+Ati%C5%9Ba+was+invited+to+Tibet+by+the+king+of+western+Tibet+Ye+shes+%27od+and+his+grandnephew+Byang+chub+%27od%2C+who+were+seeking+to+remove+perceived+corruption+in+the+practice+of+Buddhism+in+Tibet.+Ati%C5%9Ba+reached+Tibet+in+1042%2C+where+he+initially+worked+together+with+the+renowned+translator+Rin+chen+bzang+po+at+Tho+ling+monastery+in+the+translation+of+praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81+texts.+There%2C+he+composed+his+famous+work%2C+the+%27%27Bodhipathaprad%C4%ABpa%27%27%2C+or+%E2%80%9C%27%27Lamp+for+the+Path+to+Enlightenment%27%27%2C%E2%80%9D+an+overview+of+the+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhist+path+that+served+as+a+basis+for+the+genre+of+literature+known+as+lam+rim+%28%E2%80%9Cstages+of+the+path%E2%80%9D%29.+%28Source%3A+%22Ati%C5%9Ba+D%C4%ABpa%E1%B9%83kara%C5%9Br%C4%ABj%C3%B1%C4%81na.%22+In+%27%27The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%27%27%2C+77.+Princeton+University+Press%2C+2014.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n41q.27.%29
Auguste+Barth+%28born+in+Strasbourg+22+May+1834%3B+died+in+Paris+15+April+1916%29+was+a+French+orientalist.+He+is+best+known+by+his+work+in+connection+with+the+religions+of+India.+His+volume%2C+%27%27Les+religions+de+l%27Inde%27%27+%28Paris%2C+1879%29%2C+was+translated+into+English+%28London%2C+1882%29.+Mention+may+also+be+made+of+his+%27%27Inscriptions+sanscrites+du+Cambodge%27%27+%28Sanskrit+inscriptions+of+Cambodia%3B+Paris%2C+1885%29+and+of+numerous+monographs+and+reviews+in+%27%27Journal+Asiatique%27%27%2C+in+%27%27M%C3%A9lusine%27%27%2C+and+in+the+%27%27M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+Linguistique%27%27.+His+annual+reports+on+researches+into+the+history+of+Indian+religions%2C+in+%27%27Revue+de+l%27Histoire+des+Religions%27%27+%281880%29+are+especially+valuable.+He+was+a+member+of+the+French+Institute.+Barth+became+a+foreign+member+of+the+Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences+in+1896.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAuguste_Barth+Source+Accessed+Aug+15%2C+2023%5D%29 +
Aurelian+Scrima+was+the+founder+and+general+manager+of+Herald+Publishing+House+until+2016. +
A%C5%9Boka.+%28P.+Asoka%3B+T.+Mya+ngan+med%3B+C.+Ayu+wang%3B+J.+Aiku+%C5%8D%3B+K.+Ayuk+wang+%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B%29+%28c.+300-232+BCE%3B+r.+c.+268-232+BCE%29.+Indian+Mauryan+emperor+and+celebrated+patron+of+Buddhism%3B+also+known+as+Dharm%C4%81%C5%9Boka.+Son+of+Bindus%C4%81ra+and+grandson+of+Candragupta%2C+A%C5%9Boka+was+the+third+king+of+the+Mauryan+dynasty.+A%C5%9Boka+left+numerous+inscriptions+recording+his+edicts+and+proclamations+to+the+subjects+of+his+realm.+In+these+inscriptions%2C+A%C5%9Boka+is+referred+to+as+Dev%C4%81n%C4%81m+Priya%E1%B8%A5%2C+%22beloved+of+the+gods.%22+These+inscriptions+comprise+one+of+the+earliest+bodies+of+writing+as+yet+deciphered+from+the+Indian+subcontinent.+His+edicts+have+been+found+inscribed+on+boulders%2C+on+stone+pillars%2C+and+in+caves+and+are+widely+distributed+from+northern+Pakistan+in+the+west%2C+across+the+Gangetic+plain+to+Bengal+in+the+east%2C+to+near+Chennai+in+South+India.+The+inscriptions+are+ethical+and+religious+in+content%2C+with+some+describing+how+A%C5%9Boka+turned+to+the+dharma+after+subjugating+the+territory+of+Kali%E1%B9%85ga+%28in+the+Coastal+region+of+modern+Andhra+Pradesh%29+in+a+bloody+war.+In+his+own+words%2C+A%C5%9Boka+states+that+the+bloodshed+of+that+campaign+caused+him+remorse+and+taught+him+that+rule+by+dharma%2C+or+righteousness%2C+is+superior+to+rule+by+mere+force+of+arms.+While+the+Buddha%2C+dharma%2C+and+sa%E1%B9%83gha+are+extolled+and+Buddhist+texts+are+mentioned+in+the+edicts%2C+the+dharma+that+A%C5%9Boka+promulgated+was+neither+sectarian+nor+even+specifically+Buddhist%2C+but+a+general+code+of+administrative%2C+public%2C+and+private+ethics+suitable+for+a+multireligious+and+multiethnic+polity.+It+is+clear+that+A%C5%9Boka+saw+this+code+of+ethics+as+a+diplomatic+tool+as+well%2C+in+that+he%0Adispatched+embassies+to+neighboring+states+in+an+effort+to+establish+dharma+as+the+basis+for+international+relations.+The+edicts+were+not+translated+until+the+nineteenth+century%2C+however%2C+and%0Atherefore+played+little+role+in+the+Buddhist+view+of+A%C5%9Boka%2C+which+derives+instead+from+a+variety+of+legends+told+about+the+emperor.+The+legend+of+A%C5%9Boka+is+recounted+in+the+Sanskrit+Divy%C4%81vad%C4%81na%2C+in+the+P%C4%81li+chronicles+of+Sri+Lanka%2C+D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa+and+Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa%2C+and+in+the+P%C4%81li+commentaries%2C+particularly+the%0ASamantap%C4%81s%C4%81dik%C4%81.+Particularly+in+P%C4%81li+materials%2C+A%C5%9Boka+is+portrayed+as+a+staunch+sectarian+and+exclusive+patron+of+the+P%C4%81li+tradition.+The+inscriptional+evidence%2C+as+noted+above%2C+does+not+support+that+claim.+In+the+Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa%2C+for+example%2C+A%C5%9Boka+is+said+to+have+been+converted+to+Therav%C4%81da+Buddhism+by+the%0Anovice+Nigrodha%2C+after+which+he+purifies+the+Buddhist+sa%E1%B9%83gha+by+purging+it+of+non-Therav%C4%81da+heretics.+He+then+sponsors+the+convention+of+the+third+Buddhist+council+%28samg%C4%ABt%C4%AB%29+under+the+presidency+of+Moggaliputtatissa%2C+an+entirely+Therav%C4%81da+affair.+Recalling+perhaps+the+historical+A%C5%9Boka%27s+diplomatic+missions%2C+the+legend+recounts+how%2C+after+the+council%2C+Moggaliputtatissa+dispatched+Therav%C4%81da+missions%2C%0Acomprised+of+monks%2C+to+nine+adjacent+lands+for+the+purpose+of+propagating+the+religion%2C+including+A%C5%9Boka%27s+son+%28Mahinda%29+and+daughter+%28Sa%E1%B9%85ghamitt%C4%81%29+to+Sri+Lanka.+In+Sri+Lanka%2C+where+the+legend+appears+to+have+originated%2C+and+in+the+Therav%C4%81da+countries+of+Southeast+Asia%2C+the+P%C4%81li+account+of+King+A%C5%9Boka+was+adopted+as+one+of+the+main+paradigms+of+Buddhist+kingship+and+models+of+ideal+governance+and+proper+sa%E1%B9%83gha-state+relations.+A+different+set+of+legends%2C+which+do+not+recount+the+conversion%0Aof+Sri+Lanka%2C+appears+in+Sanskrit+sources%2C+most+notably%2C+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na.+%28Source%3A+%22A%C5%9Boka.%22+In+%27%27The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%27%27%2C+70%E2%80%9371.+Princeton+University+Press%2C+2014.+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt46n41q.27.%29
Indian+pa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dita+known+to+have+been+an+expert+in+Abhidharma+and+to+have+assisted+in+the+Tibetan+translation+of+the+%27%27Saddharmasm%E1%B9%9Btyupasth%C4%81nas%C5%ABtra%27%27.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fread.84000.co%2Ftranslation%2Ftoh287.html+Source+Accessed+Aug+31%2C+2021%5D%29 +
B
Dynamic+lecturer%2C+progressive+scholar%2C+and+one+of+the+most+prolific+writers+and+translators+of+Tibetan+Buddhism+in+the+West%2C+B.+Alan+Wallace%2C+Ph.D.%2C+continually+seeks+innovative+ways+to+integrate+Buddhist+contemplative+practices+with+Western+science+to+advance+the+study+of+the+mind.%0A%0ADr.+Wallace%2C+a+scholar+and+practitioner+of+Buddhism+since+1970%2C+has+taught+Buddhist+theory+and+meditation+worldwide+since+1976.+Having+devoted+fourteen+years+to+training+as+a+Tibetan+Buddhist+monk%2C+ordained+by+H.+H.+the+Dalai+Lama%2C+he+went+on+to+earn+an+undergraduate+degree+in+physics+and+the+philosophy+of+science+at+Amherst+College+and+a+doctorate+in+religious+studies+at+Stanford.+%28%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.alanwallace.org+Source+Accessed+Nov+17%2C+2020%5D%29 +
%27Baatra%27+Erdene-Ochir+is+a+Ph.D.+student+in+Buddhist+Studies.+He+received+a+bachelor%27s+degree+in+philosophy+from+UCSB+and+a+master%27s+degree+in+theological+studies+from+Harvard+Divinity+School.+He+is+interested+in+Indo-Tibetan+Buddhist+philosophical+polemics+and+the+history+of+Buddhist+scholastic+traditions+as+well+as+monastic+institutions+in+Tibet+and+Mongolia.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion.ucsb.edu%2Fpeople%2Fstudent%2Ferdenebaatar-baatra-hehimhis-erdene-ochir%2F+Source+Accessed+June+9%2C+2021%5D%29 +
Dr.+Baijnath+Puri%2C+the+Professor+Emeritus%2C+was+one+of+the+leading+Indian+historians%2C+a+widely+traveled+man+and+was+often+invited+to+deliver+lectures+at+many+universities+in+Europe.+He+was+for+more+than+five+years+Professor+and+Head+of+the+Department+of+Ancient+Indian+History+and+Archaeology+at+the+Lucknow+University.%0A%0AHis+two+works+%27%27India+in+the+Time+of+Patanjali%27%27+and+%27%27The+History+of+the+Gurjara+Pratiharas%27%27+earned+him+the+two+research+degrees+of+M.+Litt.+and+D.+Phil.+from+the+Oxford+University.+He+has+more+than+25+published+works+to+his+credit.+%28Source%3A+%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlbd.in%2Fproducts%2Fbuddhism-in-central-asia-b-n-puri-9788120803725-8120803728+Motilal+Banarsidass%5D%29 +
Baizhang+Huaihai+%28Chinese%3A+%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%88%E6%87%B7%E6%B5%B7%3B+pinyin%3A+B%C7%8Eizh%C3%A0ng+Hu%C3%A1ih%C3%A1i%3B+Wade-Giles%3A+Pai-chang+Huai-hai%3B+Japanese%3A+Hyakuj%C5%8D+Ekai%29+%28720%E2%80%93814%29+was+a+Zen+master+during+the+Tang+Dynasty.+A+native+of+Fuzhou%2C+he+was+a+dharma+heir+of+Mazu+Daoyi+%28Wade-Giles%3A+Ma-tsu+Tao-i%29.%5B1%5D+Baizhang%27s+students+included+Huangbo%2C+Linji+and+Puhua.%0A%0AHagiographic+depictions+of+Baizhang+depict+him+as+a+radical+and+iconoclastic+figure%2C+but+these+narratives+derive+from+at+least+a+century+and+a+half+after+his+death+and+were+developed+and+elaborated+during+the+Song+dynasty.%5B2%5D+As+Mario+Poceski+writes%2C+the+earliest+strata+of+sources+%28such+as+the+%27%27Baizhang+guanglu%27%27+%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%88%E5%BB%A3%E9%8C%84+%29+about+this+figure+provide+a+%22divergent+image+of+Baizhang+as+a+sophisticated+teacher+of+doctrine%2C+who+is+at+ease+with+both+the+philosophical+and+contemplative+aspects+of+Buddhism.%22%5B3%5D+Poceski+summarizes+this+figure+thus%3A%0A%0A%3AThe+image+of+Baizhang+conveyed+by+the+Tang-era+sources+is+that+of+a+learned+and+sagacious+monk+who+is+well+versed+in+both+the+theoretical+and+contemplative+aspects+of+medieval+Chinese+Buddhism.+Here+we+encounter+Baizhang+as+a+teacher+of+a+particular+Chan+brand+of+Buddhist+doctrine%2C+formulated+in+a+manner+and+idiom+that+are+unique+to+him+and+to+the+Hongzhou+school+as+a+whole.+Nonetheless%2C+he+also+comes+across+as+someone+who+is+cognizant+of+major+intellectual+trends+in+Tang+Buddhism%2C+as+well+as+deeply+steeped+in+canonical+texts+and+traditions.+His+discourses+are+filled+with+scriptural+quotations+and+allusions.+He+also+often+resorts+to+technical+Buddhist+vocabulary%2C+of+the+kind+one+usually+finds+in+the+texts+of+philosophically+oriented+schools+of+Chinese+Buddhism+such+as+Huayan%2C+Faxiang%2C+and+Tiantai.+Here+the+primary+mode+in+which+Baizhang+communicates+his+teachings+is+the+public+Chan+sermon%2C+presented+in+the+ritual+framework+of+%E2%80%9Cascending+the+%5BDharma%5D+hall+%5Bto+preach%5D%E2%80%9D+%28%27%27shangtang%27%27%29.%5B4%5D%0A%0ARegarding+his+teachings%2C+Poceski+notes%3A%0A%0A%3AA+central+idea+that+infuses+most+of+Baizhang%E2%80%99s+sermons+is+the+ineffability+or+indescribability+of+reality.+Ultimate+reality+cannot+be+predicated+in+terms+of+conventional+conceptual+categories%2C+as+it+transcends+the+familiar+realm+of+words+and+ideas.+Nonetheless%2C+it+can+be+approached+or+realized%E2%80%94as+it+truly+is%2C+without+any+accretions+or+distortions%E2%80%94as+it+manifests+at+all+times+and+in+all+places.+That+is+done+by+means+of+intuitive+knowledge%2C+whose+cultivation+is+one+of+the+cornerstones+of+Chan+soteriology.+Since+the+essence+of+reality+cannot+be+captured+or+conveyed+via+the+mediums+of+words+and+letters%2C+according+to+Baizhang+it+is+pointless+to+get+stuck+in+dogmatic+assertions%2C+or+to+attach+to+a+particular+doctrine+or+practice.+Like+everything+else%2C+the+various+Chan+%28or+more+broadly+Buddhist%29+teachings+are+empty+of+self-nature.+They+simply+constitute+expedient+tools+in+an+ongoing+process+of+cultivating+detachment+and+transcendence+that+supposedly+free+the+mind+of+mistaken+views+and+distorted+ways+of+perceiving+reality%3B+to+put+it+differently%2C+they+belong+to+the+well-known+Buddhist+category+of+%E2%80%9Cskillful+means%E2%80%9D+%28%27%27fangbian%27%27%2C+or+up%C4%81ya+in+Sanskrit%29.+Holding+on+rigidly+or+fetishizing+a+particular+text%2C+viewpoint%2C+or+method+of+practice%E2%80%94even+the+most+profound+and+potent+ones%E2%80%94can+turn+out+to+be+counterproductive%2C+as+it+becomes+a+source+of+attachment+that+impedes+spiritual+progress.+The+perfection+of+the+Chan+path+of+practice+and+realization%2C+therefore%2C+does+not+involve+the+attainment+of+some+particular+ability+or+knowledge.+Rather%2C+in+Baizhang%E2%80%99s+text+it+is+depicted+as+a+process+of+letting+go+of+all+views+and+attachment+that+interfere+with+the+innate+human+ability+to+know+reality+and+experience+spiritual+freedom.%5B5%5D%0A%0AOne+of+his+doctrinal+innovations+is+what+are+called+the+%E2%80%9Cthree+propositions%E2%80%9D+%28sanju%29%2C+which+are+three+distinct+stages+of+spiritual+realization+or+progressive+ways+of+knowing%3A%5B6%5D%0A%0A%2AThoroughgoing+detachment+from+all+things+and+affairs%0A%2ANonabiding+in+the+state+of+detachment%0A%2ALetting+go+of+even+the+subtlest+vestiges+of+self-referential+awareness+or+knowledge+of+having+transcended+detachment.%0A%0ABaizhang%27s+teachings+and+sayings+have+been+translated+by+Thomas+Cleary+in+%27%27Sayings+and+Doings+of+Pai-Chang%27%27.%5B7%5D+The+Wild+fox+koan+is+attributed+to+Baizhang.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBaizhang_Huaihai+Source+Accessed+July+15%2C+2021%5D%29
Nicola+Bajetta+is+a+Hamburg+University+graduate.+Received+the+Khyentse+Foundation+Award+for+Excellence+in+Buddhist+Studies+%28In+recognition+of+distinction+in+the+field+of+Indo-Tibetan+Buddhist+Studies+for+the+year+2018%29. +
Balangoda+Ananda+Maitreya+Thero+%28Sinhala%3A+%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C+%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F+%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD+%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9+%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF+%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA+%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F+%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F+%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%3B23+August+1896+%E2%80%93+18+July+1998%3B+was+a+Sri+Lankan+Buddhist+monk+who+was+one+of+the+most+distinguished+scholars+and+expositors+of+Theravada+Buddhism+in+the+twentieth+century.+He+was+highly+respected+by+Sri+Lankan+Buddhists%2C+who+believed+that+he+had+achieved+a+higher+level+of+spiritual+development.%5B2%5D%5B5%5D+Sri+Lankan+Buddhists+also+considered+Balangoda+Ananda+Maitreya+Thero+as+a+Bodhisattva%2C+who+will+attain+Buddhahood+in+a+future+life.%0A%0ABalangoda+Ananda+Maitreya+Thero+lived+a+modest+life+and+did+a+great+service+for+the+propagation+of+Buddhist+philosophy.+In+recognition+of+his+valuable+service+at+the+Sixth+Buddhist+council+held+in+Burma%2C+the+Burmese+government+conferred+on+him+the+title+of+Agga+Maha+Pandita+%28Chief+Great+Scholar%29+in+1956.+Later+in+March+1997%2C+the+Burmese+government+conferred+on+Balangoda+Ananda+Maitreya+Thero+the+highest+Sangha+title%2C+Abhidhaja+Maha+Rattha+Guru+%28Most+Eminent+Great+Spiritual+Teacher%29%2C+which+is+equivalent+to+Sangharaja%2C+in+honor+of+his+unique+service+to+the+Buddhist+religion.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBalangoda_Ananda_Maitreya_Thero+Source+Accessed+Feb+13%2C+2023%5D%29 +
Ban%C4%81ras%C4%AB+L%C4%81l+was+an+Indian+scholar+specializing+in+Buddhist+studies%2C+particularly+in+the+areas+of+Sanskrit+texts+and+Buddhist+philosophy.+He+made+significant+contributions+to+the+field+through+his+research+and+publications+in+academic+journals.%0A%0AL%C4%81l%27s+work+focused+on+analyzing+and+interpreting+important+Buddhist+texts.+He+published+an+article+titled+%22%C4%80ryama%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-n%C4%81ma-sa%E1%B9%83g%C4%ABti%3A+A+Text-Analysis%22+in+the+journal+%27%27Dh%C4%AB%E1%B8%A5%27%27+in+1986%2C+demonstrating+his+expertise+in+textual+analysis+of+Sanskrit+Buddhist+literature.+In+1994%2C+he+worked+on+the+texts+%22Am%E1%B9%9Btaka%E1%B9%87ik%C4%81%22+by+Ravi%C5%9Br%C4%ABj%C3%B1%C4%81na+and+%22Am%E1%B9%9Btaka%E1%B9%87ikod-dyotanibandha%2C%22+further+showcasing+his+philological+skills.%0A%0AHis+research+interests+extended+to+Buddhist+iconography+and+symbolism.+In+2003%2C+L%C4%81l+published+a+study+on+%22Samyaksambuddhabh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3itapratim%C4%81lak%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a%22+in+%27%27Dh%C4%AB%E1%B8%A5%27%27%2C+exploring+the+characteristics+of+Buddha+images+as+described+in+Buddhist+literature.%0A%0ABan%C4%81ras%C4%AB+L%C4%81l%27s+contributions+to+the+field+of+Buddhist+studies+helped+advance+the+understanding+of+complex+Sanskrit+texts+and+their+philosophical+implications.+His+work+continues+to+be+cited+by+contemporary+scholars. +
Baoyun+%E5%AF%B6%E9%9B%B2+%28376%3F%E2%80%93449%29+was+from+Liangzhou.+He+traveled+to+Central+Asia%2C+Khotan+%28Hotan%29%2C+and+India+around+397.+There+he+met+Faxian+and+other+Chinese+pilgrims.+In+India+he+studied+languages%2C+then+returned+to+Chang%E2%80%99an+and+became+a+follower+of+Buddhabhadra+%28359%E2%80%93429%29.+Buddhabhadra+was+in+Chang%E2%80%99an+from+406%E2%80%93408.+Baoyun+then+followed+Buddhabhadra+south+to+Mount+Lu%2C+and+ultimately+to+Jiankang+%28Nanjing%29.+His+good+friend+Huiguan+accompanied+Baoyun+throughout+the+entire+journey.+All+three+men+stayed+at+Daochang+Temple+in+Jiankang.+Baoyun+later+moved+to+Liuheshan+Temple%2C+outside+of+Jiankang.+It+was+at+these+two+temples+that+he+made+his+translations+%5Bof+the+%27%27Buddhacarita%27%27%5D%2C+reading+the+Indian+text+and+translating+orally.+In+this+way+the+%27%27Buddhacarita%27%27+was+rendered+in+421+C.E.+%28Yongchu+2+of+the+Liu+Song%29%2C+at+Liuheshan+Temple.+%28Willemen%2C+%27%27Buddhacarita%3A+In+Praise+of+Buddha%27s+Acts%27%27%2C+translator%27s+introduction%2C+xiv%E2%80%93xv%29.+In+addition+to+the+%27%27Buddhacarita%27%27+Baoyun+is+recorded+as+having+assisted+in+the+translation+of+several+s%C5%ABtras%2C+including+the+%27%27Ak%E1%B9%A3ayamatinirde%C5%9Bas%C5%ABtra%27%27+and+the+%27%27S%C4%81garamatiparip%E1%B9%9Bcch%C4%81s%C5%ABtra%27%27. +
Barbara+Frye%2C+a+student+of+Tibetan+Buddhism+for+several+years%2C+has+edited+numerous+works+by+Tibetan+authors. +
Dr.+Barbara+Nelson+is+a+Lecturer+in+the+School+of+Culture%2C+History+and+Language%2C+ANU+College+of+Asia+and+the+Pacific%2C+The+Australian+National+University%2C+Canberra%2C+Australia.+Her+research+interests+include+the+history+of+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhism+in+India%2C+bodhisattva+path+and+%27%27kshaanti%27%27+%28patience%29%2C+Buddhist+texts+in+Sanskrit%2C+translation+studies%2C+Indian+history+and+religions%2C+and+the+policy+and+practice+of+secularism+in+India.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fresearchers.anu.edu.au%2Fresearchers%2Fnelson-be+Source+Accessed+Jan+13%2C+2021%5D%29 +
Barbra+Clayton+is+an+Associate+Professor+of+Religious+Studies+at+Mount+Allison+University%2C+a+liberal+arts+institution+located+in+the+heart+of+maritime+Canada.+She+is+the+author+of+%27%27Moral+Theory+in+%C5%9A%C4%81ntideva%27s+%C5%9Aik%E1%B9%A3%C4%81samuccaya%27%27%2C+the+article+on+Buddhist+Ethics+in+the+%27%27Oxford+Handbook+of+World+Philosophy%27%27%2C+and+several+articles+on+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+morality.+Her+recent+work+focuses+on+the+ethics+of+environmentalism+in+the+Shambhala+Buddhist+community%2C+as+well+as+on+Buddhist+monasticism+at+Gampo+Abbey+in+Canada.+She+is+the+co-editor+with+Dan+Cozort+of+the+%27%27Journal+of+Buddhist+Ethics%27%27%2C+though+is+currently+taking+an+extended+sabbatical+from+this+role+.+.+.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardus.ca%2Fcontributors%2Fbclayton%2F+Source+Accessed+Jan+19%2C+2021%5D%29 +
Bardor+Tulku+Rinpoche+was+born+in+1949+in+Kham%2C+East+Tibet.+At+a+very+early+age%2C+he+was+recognized+by+His+Holiness+the+16th+Gyalwang+Karmapa+as+the+third+incarnation+of+Terchen+Barway+Dorje.%0A%0AWhen+Rinpoche+was+a+small+child%2C+with+his+family+and+his+Dharma+tutor+he+maintained+a+nomadic+life+style.+Rinpoche+was+six+when+he+left+East+Tibet+in+the+company+of+his+grandparents+on+a+journey+that+took+him+first+to+Lhasa%2C+then+Tsurphu%2C+and+finally+to+Drikung+where+Rinpoche+was+to+remain+for+a+couple+of+years+at+the+home+of+his+grandparents.%0A%0AAfter+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+grandparents+passed+away%2C+his+parents+and+siblings+joined+him+in+Drikung.+When+the+political+and+social+conditions+in+Tibet+worsened+as+a+result+of+the+Chinese+Communist+occupation%2C+Rinpoche+and+his+family%E2%80%94initially+a+party+of+thirteen%E2%80%94set+out+toward+India+over+the+Himalayas+along+with+many+other+Tibetans+who+were+also+fleeing+the+fighting.%0A%0AThey+traveled+through+Kongpo+to+Pema+Ku.+In+Pema+Ku%2C+at+the+border+of+Tibet+and+India%2C+as+a+result+of+the+arduous+journey%2C+all+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+family+members+died.+When+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+father%E2%80%94the+last+member+of+his+family%E2%80%94died%2C+Rinpoche+left+Pema+Ku+and+continued+on+toward+Assam+with+other+refugees.%0A%0AAt+the+township+known+as+Bomdila%2C+where+the+borders+of+Tibet%2C+Bhutan%2C+and+India+meet%2C+a+bombing+raid+dispersed+the+group.+Rinpoche+and+a+young+friend+fled+the+attack+and+traveled+westward%2C+along+the+border+of+Bhutan+and+India%2C+to+Siliguri+and+eventually+to+Darjeeling.+When+they+arrived+in+Darjeeling%2C+His+Holiness+the+16th+Karmapa+was+notified+that+Rinpoche+had+safely+made+his+way+out+of+Tibet.+Filled+with+joy+at+the+good+news%2C+His+Holiness+arranged+for+Rinpoche+to+be+brought+to+Sikkim%2C+and+for+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+friend+to+be+taken+care+of.%0A%0ABardor+Tulku+Rinpoche+was+enthroned+as+a+tulku+at+Rumtek+Monastery+when+he+was+in+his+teens.+It+was+also+at+Rumtek+Monastery%2C+under+the+tutelage+of+His+Holiness+the+16th+Karmapa%2C+that+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+formal+training+took+place.%0A%0AAfter+completing+many+years+of+study+and+practice%2C+Bardor+Tulku+Rinpoche+accompanied+the+16th+Karmapa+on+his+world+tours+in+1974+and+1976.+In+1977%2C+His+Holiness+asked+Rinpoche+to+remain+in+Woodstock%2C+New+York%2C+at+Karma+Triyana+Dharmachakra+%28KTD%29.+During+his+first+two+years+at+KTD%2C+Rinpoche+worked+side-by-side+with+the+staff+to+renovate+and+winterize+the+house+and+prepare+for+the+last+visit+of+His+Holiness+the+Sixteenth+Karmapa+to+the+West.+During+that+last+visit%2C+in+1980%2C+His+Holiness+directed+that+his+monastery+and+seat+in+North+America+be+established+at+KTD%2C+and+he+performed+the+formal+investiture.+After+the+groundbreaking+ceremony+in+May+of+1982%2C+Bardor+Rinpoche+directed+the+construction+activities+and+labored+each+day+to+build+the+monastery.+When+the+construction+of+the+shrine+building+was+essentially+completed+in+early+1990s%2C+he+assumed+responsibilities+as+a+teacher+at+KTD+and+its+affiliate+Karma+Thegsum+Ch%C3%B6ling+centers+%28KTCs%29.%0A%0AIn+2000%2C+with+a+blessing+from+His+Holiness+the+17th+Karmapa+and+His+Eminence+the+12th+Tai+Situ+Rinpoche%2C+Bardor+Tulku+Rinpoche+established+Raktrul+Foundation+in+order+to+help+rebuild+the+Raktrul+Monastery+in+Tibet+and+provide+educational+facilities+for+monks+and+the+lay+community.+In+2003%2C+Rinpoche+established+Kunzang+Palchen+Ling+%28KPL%29%2C+a+Tibetan+Buddhist+Center+in+Red+Hook%2C+New+York.+Based+on+nonsectarian+principles%2C+KPL+offers+Dharma+teachings+from+all+traditions+of+Tibetan+Buddhism+and+serves+as+a+base+for+preserving+and+bringing+to+the+West+the+terma+teachings+of+Terchen+Barway+Dorje.%0A%0AAfter+working+tirelessly+for+thirty-one+years+with+the+Venerable+Khenpo+Karthar+Rinpoche%2C+the+abbot+of+KTD%2C+to+firmly+establish+KTD+and+its+affiliates+in+the+United+States%2C+in+October+2008%2C+Bardor+Tulku+Rinpoche+resigned+from+all+his+responsibilities+at+KTD.+In+August+2009%2C+the+KTD+Board+of+Trustees+issued+an+appreciation+letter+acknowledging+Bardor+Tulku+Rinpoche%E2%80%99s+role+in+the+establishment+KTD+and+its+affiliates+in+North+America.%0A%0ASince+he+left+KTD%2C+Bardor+Tulku+Rinpoche+has+been+directing+the+activities+of+Kunzang+Palchen+Ling%2C+guiding+Palchen+Study+Groups+nationwide%2C+overseeing+translation+projects+of+terma+texts+of+Terchen+Barway+Dorje+and+the+construction+of+the+new+facility+at+Kunzang+Palchen+Ling+that+is+an+implementation+of+his+vision+for+KPL.+Rinpoche+also+serves+as+an+adviser+for+Dharma+TV%2C+an+online+Buddhist+television+project.+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunzang.org%2Fbiography%2F+Source+Kunzang.org%2C+Accessed+January+27%2C+2022.%5D
Bari+Lotsawa%2C++also+known+as+Rinchen+Drak%2C+was+the+second+throne+holder+of+Sakya+school+%28Tib.+Sakya+Trizin%29.+At+the+age+of+63%2C+he+retained+the+seat+of+Sakya+for+a+period+of+eight+years+%281102-1110%29.+He+is+one+of+the+main+lineage+figures+in+the+transmission+and+translation+of+the+White+Tara+practice+and+tantras+that+originate+from+the+Indian+master+Vagishvarakirti.+%28Source%3A+%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigpawiki.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBari_Lotsawa+Rigpa+Wiki%5D%29 +
Mr.+Bryant+was+a+painter+and+musician+strongly+influenced+by+Tibetan+Buddhism.+In+1973+he+founded+the+Samaya+Foundation+in+Manhattan%2C+a+nonprofit+organization+dedicated+to+spreading+Tibetan+culture+in+the+United+States.+%28Samaya+is+the+Sanskrit+word+for+vow+or+commitment.%29%0A%0AIn+the+spring+of+1988%2C+the+foundation+brought+Tibetan+monks+to+New+York+City+from+the+Namgyal+monastery+in+India+to+create+the+Wheel+of+Time+sand+mandala+at+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History.+The+mandala+--+a+large%2C+colorful%2C+circular+meditational+image+of+intricate+design+--+was+made+entirely+of+sand+painstakingly+poured+from+small+funnels.+It+took+over+two+weeks+to+complete%3B+it+was+then+ritually+destroyed%2C+its+contents+carried+in+procession+to+the+banks+of+the+Hudson+and+scattered+on+the+water.%0A%0AThe+mandala+was+recreated+in+other+cities+in+the+United+States+and+Europe+thereafter.+In+1993%2C+Mr.+Bryant+published+a+book%2C+%27%27The+Wheel+of+Time+Sand+Mandala%3A+Visual+Scripture+of+Tibetan+Buddhism%2C%27%27+to+which+the+Dalai+Lama+contributed+a+foreword.+%28%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F05%2F25%2Farts%2Fbarry-bryant-56-a-proponent-of-the-tibetan-buddhist-culture.html+Source+Accessed+Mar+22%2C+2023%5D%29 +
Dr.+Barry+Clark+is+the+only+Westerner+to+have+undergone+the+complete+theoretical+and+clinical+training+of+a+Tibetan+doctor.+For+almost+20+years%2C+he+has+studied%2C+practiced+and+taught+the+ancient+science+of+Tibetan+medicine.+His+primary+teacher+was+Dr.+Yeshe+Donden%2C+the+personal+physician+to+H.H.+the+Dalai+Lama+for+eighteen+years.+Dr.+Clark+now+lives+and+practices+in+New+Zealand%2C+and+frequently+teaches+and+gives+workshops+in+Europe%2C+North+America+and+SE+Asia.+%28Source%3A+%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.shambhala.com%2Fsnowlion_articles%2Fthe-quintessence-tantras-of-tibetan-medicine%2F+Shambhala+Publications%5D%29 +
