Pāramitā

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Key Term	pāramitā
Hover Popup Choices	pāramitā; phar phyin; pha rol tu phyin pa
In Tibetan Script	ཕར་ཕྱིན།; ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ།
Wylie Tibetan Transliteration	phar phyin; pha rol tu phyin pa
Devanagari Sanskrit Script	पारमिता
Romanized Sanskrit	pāramitā
Tibetan Phonetic Rendering	pharchin; pa rol tu phyin pa
Sanskrit Phonetic Rendering	pāramitā
Chinese Script	波羅蜜
Chinese Pinyin	Bōluómì duō
Japanese Transliteration	haramitsu
Korean Transliteration	paramil
English Standard	perfection
Richard Barron's English Term	perfection; consummation
Jeffrey Hopkin's English Term	perfection
Ives Waldo's English Term	perfection
Term Type	Noun
Source Language	Sanskrit
Basic Meaning	The six or ten types of practices which lead an individual to Buddhahood. The practice of perfections is particularly important in Mahāyāna Buddhism in which the entire path of the Bodhisattva to reach full enlightenment is included in the six or ten perfections. The six perfections are that of giving, of discipline, patience, zeal, meditation, and wisdom. The perfection of skill-in-means, aspirations, power, and pristine wisdom are added to them to make ten perfections.
Has the Sense of	The Sanskrit and Tibetan terms pāramitā and phar phyin imply crossing over or reaching the other side because these practices help the individual practitioner to cross the ocean of cycle of existence and reach Buddhahood.
Definitions
Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism	In Sanskrit, “perfection,” a virtue or quality developed and practiced by a bodhisattva on the path to becoming a buddha. The term is paranomastically glossed by some traditional commentators as “gone beyond” or “gone to the other side” (see pāra) , although it seems in fact to derive from Skt. parama, meaning “highest” or “supreme.” The best-known enumeration of the perfections is a group of six: giving (dāna), morality (śIla), patience or forbearance (kṣänti), effort (vIrya), concentration (dhyāna), and wisdom (prajnā). There are also lists of ten perfections. In the Mahāyāna (specif­ically in the Daśabhūmikasūtra), the list of ten includes the preceding six, to which are added method (upāya), vow (pranidhāna), power (bala), and knowledge (jnäna), with the explanation that the bodhisattva practices the perfections in this order on each of the ten bodhisattva stages or grounds (bhūmi). Thus, giving is perfected on the first bhümi, morality on the second, and so on. In Päli sources, where the perfections are called pãramī, the ten perfections are giving (dāna), morality (śIla), renunciation (nekkhamma; S. naiskramya) , wisdom (paññā), effort (viriya), patience (kṣänti), truthfulness (sacca; S. satya), determination (adhitthāna; S. adhisthāna), loving- kindness (mettā; S. maitri), and equanimity (upekkhā; S. upeksā). The practice of these perfections over the course of the many lifetimes of the bodhisattva’s path eventually fructifies in the achievement of buddhahood. The precise meaning of the perfec­tions is discussed at length, as is the question of how the six (or ten) are to be divided between the categories of merit ( puņya ) and wisdom ( jnāna ) . For example, according to one interpretation of the six perfections, giving, morality, and patience contribute to the collection of merit (punyasambhāra); concentration and wisdom contribute to the collection of wisdom (jnänasam bhära), and effort contributes to both. Commentators also consider what distinguishes the practice o f these six from other instances of the practice of giving, etc. Some Madhyamaka exegetes, for example, argue that these virtues only become perfections when the bodhi­sattva engages in them with an understanding of emptiness (śūnyatā); for example, giving a gift without clinging to any conception of giver, gift, or recipient.
Tshig mdzod Chen mo	༡) ཕ་རོལ་ཏུ་ཕྱིན་པ་སྟེ། ཐེག་ཆེན་གྱི་བསྒྲུབ་པའི་བསླབ་བྱ་གང་ཞིག་ཁྱད་ཆོས་བཞི་ལྡན་གྱི་ཕྱིན་དྲུག་གིས་བསྡུས་པའི་དགེ་བ་མཐའ་དག་སྒྲུབ་པའི་སེམས་པ་མཚུངས་ལྡན་དང་བཅས་པའོ། དེ་ནི་འཇིག་རྟེན་པ་དང་ཉན་རང་གི་དགེ་བ་ཀུན་ལས་ཕུལ་དུ་བྱུང་བས་ཕར་ངོས་སུ་སོང་བའམ། ཕ་མཐར་སོན་པའོ།།
Wikipedia	wikipedia:Pāramitā
RigpaWiki	rigpa:Paramita

The six or ten types of practices which lead an individual to Buddhahood. The practice of perfections is particularly important in Mahāyāna Buddhism in which the entire path of the Bodhisattva to reach full enlightenment is included in the six or ten perfections. The six perfections are that of giving, of discipline, patience, zeal, meditation, and wisdom. The perfection of skill-in-means, aspirations, power, and pristine wisdom are added to them to make ten perfections.

The six or ten types of practices which lead an individual to Buddhahood. The practice of perfections is particularly important in Mahāyāna Buddhism in which the entire path of the Bodhisattva to reach full enlightenment is included in the six or ten perfections. The six perfections are that of giving, of discipline, patience, zeal, meditation, and wisdom. The perfection of skill-in-means, aspirations, power, and pristine wisdom are added to them to make ten perfections.

The six or ten types of practices which lead an individual to Buddhahood. The practice of perfections is particularly important in Mahāyāna Buddhism in which the entire path of the Bodhisattva to reach full enlightenment is included in the six or ten perfections. The six perfections are that of giving, of discipline, patience, zeal, meditation, and wisdom. The perfection of skill-in-means, aspirations, power, and pristine wisdom are added to them to make ten perfections.

Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion.

A person who seeks enlightenment for the sake of others. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a Bodhisattva is a compassionate being who is training on the path to Buddhahood and aspires to eliminate the suffering of all beings and take all sentient beings to the state of enlightenment. The Mahāyāna sūtras including those on buddha-nature generally have Bodhisattvas as the main audience or interlocutors for the Buddha's discourses.

Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā.

The state of being empty of an innate nature due to a lack of independently existing characteristics.