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• # Abhidharma (Indo-Tibetan): In the ''Abh … </br># Abhidharma (Indo-Tibetan): In the ''Abhidharma'' context, the Three Jewels (''ratnatraya''/''triratna'') are the primary objects of refuge from the sufferings of cyclic existence. The term ''ratna'' (T. ''dkon mchog'') is applied to them because they are rare, flawless, powerful, and provide great benefit, much like precious gemstones. #* The Buddha Jewel (''buddharatna'') is defined in terms of the complete perfection of abandonment (''prahāṇa'') and realization (''jñāna''). #* The Dharma Jewel (''dharmaratna''), in the strict context of refuge, refers specifically to the realized dharma (''adhigamadharma'') — namely, the truth of cessation (''nirodhasatya'') and the truth of the path (''mārgasatya'') as actualized in the mindstream of noble beings. The transmitted teachings (''āgamadharma''/''deśanādharma'') serve as the means to realize this dharma but are not themselves the object of ultimate refuge. #* The Saṅgha Jewel (''saṅgharatna'') refers to the community of noble beings (''āryapudgala'') who have attained direct realization of the truth, from stream-enterers (''śrotāpanna'') up to arhats and bodhisattvas on the noble grounds. # Mahāyāna (Indo-Tibetan): The Mahāyāna provides a deeper analysis of the Three Jewels through the framework of the three bodies (''trikāya''). #* The ultimate Buddha Jewel is the ''dharmakāya'', the inseparable nature of abandonment and wisdom. The form bodies (''rūpakāya'')—the ''saṃbhogakāya'' and ''nirmāṇakāya''—are the manifestations that appear for the sake of sentient beings. #* The ultimate Dharma Jewel is the truth of cessation and the truth of the path as realized by the buddhas. #* The ultimate Saṅgha Jewel consists of the noble ''bodhisattvas'' who have attained the grounds (''bhūmis'') of the bodhisattva path. The Three Jewels are also described as having six qualities of a jewel, as stated by Maitreya in the ''Uttaratantraśāstra'' (Skt. ''Ratnagotravibhāga''</br>atantraśāstra'' (Skt. ''Ratnagotravibhāga''   +
• (2) the ''iṣṭadevatā'' or ''yidam'' (''yi dam''), source of accomplishments (''dngos grub''/''siddhi'')  +
• Skt. ''mūlatraya''). #* The ''triratna'' a … Skt. ''mūlatraya''). #* The ''triratna'' are considered the outer refuge (''phyi'i skyabs gnas''), while the three roots constitute the inner refuge (''nang gi skyabs gnas''). #* The three roots are: (1) the Guru (''bla ma''), source of blessings (''byin rlabs'')a''), source of blessings (''byin rlabs'')  +
• T. ''rgyud bla ma''): འབྱུང་བ་དཀོན་ཕྱིར་དྲ … T. ''rgyud bla ma''): འབྱུང་བ་དཀོན་ཕྱིར་དྲི་མེད་ཕྱིར། །མཐུ་ལྡན་ཕྱིར་དང་འཇིག་རྟེན་གྱི། །རྒྱན་གྱུར་ཕྱིར་དང་མཆོག་ཉིད་ཕྱིར། །འགྱུར་བ་མེད་ཕྱིར་དཀོན་མཆོག་ཉིད། །"Because of being (1) rare in occurrence, (2) stainless, (3) powerful, (4) an ornament of the world, (5) supreme, and (6) unchanging — [they are called] jewels." These six qualities demonstrate the analogy between the Three Jewels and a wish-fulfilling gem (''cintāmaṇi''s and a wish-fulfilling gem (''cintāmaṇi''  +
• T. ''yid bzhin nor bu''). # Vajrayāna (Indo-Tibetan): In Vajrayāna or Secret Mantra, the Three Jewels remain the foundation of refuge but are augmented by the three roots (''rtsa ba gsum''  +
• and (3) the ''ḍākinī'' (''mkha' 'gro ma'') … and (3) the ''ḍākinī'' (''mkha' 'gro ma'') and/or ''dharmapāla'' (''chos skyong''), source of enlightened activities (''phrin las''). The identification of the third root varies by lineage: some traditions list ''ḍākinī'' alone, others ''dharmapāla'' alone, and others combine both. #* The Guru is often identified as the embodiment of all Three Jewels: the Guru's mind is the Buddha, speech is the Dharma, and body is the Saṅgha. #* Some systems speak of the "Four Jewels" (''dkon mchog bzhi''), adding the Guru as a fourth jewel, or the "Six Jewels" (''dkon mchog drug''), which enumerate the three jewels and three roots together. In certain Nyingma and Kagyü formulations, there is also a "secret refuge" (''gsang ba'i skyabs gnas'') in the three bases: the channels (''rtsa''), winds (''rlung''), and essential drops (''thig le''), or alternatively, the ''dharmakāya'', ''sambhogakāya'', and ''nirmāṇakāya''.'', ''sambhogakāya'', and ''nirmāṇakāya''.  +