Viparyāsa

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Key Term	viparyāsa
Hover Popup Choices	viparyāsa; phyin ci log
In Tibetan Script	ཕྱིན་ཅི་ལོག
Wylie Tibetan Transliteration	phyin ci log
Devanagari Sanskrit Script	विपर्यास
Romanized Sanskrit	viparyāsa
Tibetan Phonetic Rendering	chyinchilok
Sanskrit Phonetic Rendering	viparyāsa
Chinese Script	顚倒
Chinese Pinyin	diandao
Japanese Transliteration	tendö
Korean Transliteration	chöndo
English Standard	misperception; wrong perception
Jeffrey Hopkin's English Term	mistaken; error
Ives Waldo's English Term	perverse
Term Type	Noun
Source Language	Sanskrit
Basic Meaning	The misperception or incorrect view a person has of reality, which must be overcome by having correct understanding and right view. The four well known incorrect views are seeing impermanent phenomena as permanent, dissatisfactory nature of things as blissful, impure things as pure, and illusory things as absolute and real. However, in the context of buddha-nature theory or other systems, there are also other forms of misconceptions which contradict with objective reality.
Has the Sense of	Viparyāsa is the mistaken and erroneous understanding of the way things are but also has the connotation of having a totally opposite or perverse view rather than a minor misunderstanding.
Definitions
Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism	In Sanskrit, lit. “inversion,” but referring to “perverted,” “corrupted,” or “inverted” views (the Chinese translation diandao literally means “upside down”) or simply “error.” There is a Standard list of four “inverted views” that cause sentient beings to remain subject to the cycle of rebirth (samsära). The four are (1) to view as pleasurable what is in fact painful or suffering (d u h k h a ), (2) to see as permanent what is in fact impermanent (anitya), (3) to see as pure what is in fact impure (aśubha), and (4) to see as having seif what is in fact devoid of seif (anätman). These four inversions are corrected through insight into the true nature of reality, which prompts the realization that the aggregates (skandha) are in fact suffering, impermanent, impure, and devoid of seif. In the tathägatagarbha literature, these four putatively correct views are in turn said also to be inversions from the standpoint of the tathägatagarbha, which is said to possess four perfect qualities (gunapäramitä): bliss, permanence, purity, and selfhood.
Rangjung Yeshe's English Term	perverted view, wayward view, misconception, perverse, of the nature of a perverted view, reverse, perversion; perverted [view], misconception, reverse, in error, perversion, in the wrong direction. Skt. viparyasa, to go completely in the wrong direction / wayward view, misconception, perverse, of the nature of a perverted view, reverse, incorrect, deceptive, fallacious, perversity.

The misperception or incorrect view a person has of reality, which must be overcome by having correct understanding and right view. The four well known incorrect views are seeing impermanent phenomena as permanent, dissatisfactory nature of things as blissful, impure things as pure, and illusory things as absolute and real. However, in the context of buddha-nature theory or other systems, there are also other forms of misconceptions which contradict with objective reality.

The misperception or incorrect view a person has of reality, which must be overcome by having correct understanding and right view. The four well known incorrect views are seeing impermanent phenomena as permanent, dissatisfactory nature of things as blissful, impure things as pure, and illusory things as absolute and real. However, in the context of buddha-nature theory or other systems, there are also other forms of misconceptions which contradict with objective reality.

In the Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra it is explained that the dharmakāya of a buddha possesses the four perfect qualities of purity, bliss, permanence, and self.