Ehrhard, Franz-Karl

PersonType	Category:Professors Category:Editors Category:Authors of English Works
FirstName / namefirst	Franz-Karl
LastName / namelast	Ehrhard
bio	Franz-Karl Ehrhard is a German Tibetologist. He teaches at the University of Munich, where he is a professor at the Institute of Tibetology and Buddhist Studies. His research focuses on religious and literary traditions in Tibet and the Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan). (Source Accessed Jun 7, 2019)
YearBirth	1953
affiliation	Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Münchens - Institut Für Indologie und Tibetologie
phduniversity	Hamburg University
publications	Publication List of Franz-Karl Ehrhard Monographs 1. Flügelschläge des Garuḍa: Literar-und ideengeschichtliche Bemerkungen zu einer Liedersammlung des rDzogs-chen. Tibetan and Indo-Tibetan Studies 3. Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1990. 2. Early Buddhist Block Prints from Mang-yul Gung-thang. Lumbini International Research Institute, Monograph Series 2. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2000. 3. Life and Travels of Lo-chen bSod-nams rgya-mtsho. Lumbini International Research Institute, Monograph Series 3. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2002. 4. Die Statue und der Tempel des Ārya Va-ti bzang-po: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Geographie des Tibetischen Buddhismus. Contributions to Tibetan Studies 2. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2004. 5. A Rosary of Rubies: The Chronicle of the Gur-rigs mDo-chen Tradition from South-Western Tibet. Collectanea Himalayica 2. München: Indus Verlag, 2008. Articles 1. "Tibetan Texts in the National Archives, Kathmandu." Journal of the Nepal Research Centre 4, 1980: 233–250. 2. "Observations on Prāsaṅgika-Madhyamaka in the rÑing-ma-pa School." In Helga Uebach and Jampa L. Panglung (eds.). Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 4th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Schloss Hohenkammer, Munich 1985. Studia Tibetica: Quellen und Studien zur tibetischen Lexikographie 2. München: Kommission für Zentralasiatische Studien, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1988, 139–147. 3. "A Renovation of Svayaṃbhūnāth Stūpa in the 18th Century and its History (According to Tibetan Sources)." Ancient Nepal: Journal of the Department of Archaeology 114, 1989: 1–8. 4. "The Stūpa of Bodhnāth: A Preliminary Analysis of the Written Sources." Ancient Nepal: Journal of the Department of Archaeology 120, 1990: 1–9. 5. "Further Renovations of Svayaṃbhūnāth-Stūpa (From the 13th to the 17th Centuries)." Ancient Nepal: Journal of the Department of Archaeology 123–125, 1991: 10–20. 6. "The Nepal German Manuscript Preservation Project." European Bulletin of Himalayan Research 2, 1991: 20–24. 7. "The ‘Vision’ of rDzogs-chen: A Text and its Histories." In Ihara Shōren (ed.). Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 5th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Narita 1989. 2 vols. Monograph Series of Naritasan Institute for Buddhist Studies, Occasional Papers 2. Narita: Naritasan Shinshoji, 1992, vol. 1: Buddhist Philosophy and Literature, 47–58. 8. "Two Documents on Tibetan Ritual Literature and Spiritual Genealogy." Journal of the Nepal Research Centre 9, 1993: 77–100. 9. "Tibetan Sources on Muktināth: Individual Reports and Normative Guides." Ancient Nepal: Journal of the Department of Archaeology 134, 1993: 23–39. 10. "The Role of ‘Treasure Discoverers’ and their Writings in the Search for Himalayan Sacred Lands." The Tibet Journal 19/3 (special issue: Powerful Places and Spaces in Tibetan Religious Culture), 1994: 2–20 (reprinted in Toni Huber [ed.]. Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays. Dharamsala, 1999, 227–239). 11. "Religious Places in the Valley." In Andreas Proksch (ed.). Images of a Century: The Changing Townscapes of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu: GTZ and UDLE, 1995, 12–25. 12. "Two Further Lamas of Dolpo: Ngag-dbang rnam-rgyal (born 1628) and rNam-grol bzang-po (born 1504)." Journal of the Nepal Research Centre 10, 1996: 55–75. 13. "Political and Ritual Aspects of the Search for Himalayan Sacred Lands." Studies in Central and East Asian Religions 9, 1996: 37–53 (reprinted in Toni Huber [ed.]. Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays. Dharamsala, 1999, 240–257). 14. "A ‘Hidden Land’ in the Tibetan-Nepalese Borderlands." In Alexander W. Macdonald (ed.). Maṇḍala and Landscape. Emerging Perceptions in Buddhist Studies 6. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld, 1997, 335–364. 15. "‘The Lands are like a Wiped Golden Basin’: The Sixth Zhva-dmar-pa's Journey to Nepal and his Travelogue (1629/30)." In Samten Karmay and Philippe Sagant (eds.). Les Habitants du toit du monde: Études recueillies en hommage à Alexander W. Macdonald. Recherches sur la Haute Asie 12. Nanterre: Société d’ethnologie, 1997, 125–138. 16. "Recently Discovered Manuscripts of the rNying ma rgyud 'bum from Nepal." In Helmut Krasser, Michael Thorsten Much, Ernst Steinkellner and Helmut Tauscher (eds.). Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the 7th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995. 2 vols. Beiträge zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 21. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1997, vol. 1, 253–267. 17. "Sa-'dul dgon-pa: A Temple at the Crossroads of Jumla, Dolpo and Mustang." Ancient Nepal: Journal of the Department of Archaeology 140: 3–19. 18. "The Transmission of the dMar-khrid Tshem-bu lugs and the Maṇi bka' 'bum." In Christine Chojnacki, Jens-Uwe Hartmann and Volker M. Tschannerl (eds.). Vividharatnakaraṇḍaka: Festgabe für Adelheid Mette. Indica et Tibetica 37. Swisttal-Odendorf, 2000, 199–215. 19. "A Printed Laudation of Si-tu Chos-kyi 'byung-gnas and a Note on his Tradition of Tibetan Medicine." Lungta 13 (special issue: Situ Paṇchen: His Contribution and Legacy), 2000: 28–32. 20. "Religious Geography and Literary Traditions: The Foundation of the Monastery Brag-dkar bsam-gling." Journal of the Nepal Research Centre 12, 2001: 101–114. 21. "Concepts of Religious Space in Southern Mustāṅ: The Foundation of the Monastery sKu-tshab gter-lnga." In Perdita Pohle and Willibald Haffner (eds.). Kāgbeni: Contributions to the Village’s History and Geography. Giessener Geographische Schriften 77. Gießen: Selbstverlag des Instituts für Geographie der Justus-Liebig-Universität, 2001, 235–246. 22. "The Transmission of the Thig-le bcu-drug and the bKa' gdams glegs bam." In Helmut Eimer and David Germano (eds.). The Many Canons of Tibetan Buddhism. PIATS 2000: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 2/10. Leiden: Brill, 2002, 29–56. 23. "The Register of the Reliquary of Lord Raṅ-Rig Ras-pa." Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens 46, 2002: 146–167. 24. "Kaḥ thog pa bSod nams rgyal mtshan (1466–1540) and his Activities in Sikkim and Bhutan." Bulletin of Tibetology 39/2 (special issue: Contributions to Sikkimese History), 2003: 9–26. 25. "Spiritual Relationships between Rulers and Preceptors: The Three Journeys of Vanaratna (1384– 1468) to Tibet." In Christoph Cüppers (ed.). The Relationship between Religion and State (chos srid zung 'brel) in Traditional Tibet: Proceedings of a Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, March 2000. LIRI Seminar Proceedings Series 1. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2004, 245–265. 26. "‘The Story of How bla-ma Karma Chos-bzang Came to Yol-mo': A Family Document from Nepal." In Shoun Hino and Toshihiro Wada (eds.). Three Mountains and Seven Rivers: Prof. Mushashi Tachikawa’s Felicitation Volume. Delhi: Motilal Barnasidass, 2004, 581–600. 27. "A Monument of Sherpa Buddhism: The Enlightenment Stūpa in Junbesi." The Tibet Journal 29/3 (special issue: Tibetan Monuments), 2004: 75–92. 28. "The mNga' bdag Family and the Tradition of Rig 'dzin Zhig po gling pa (1524–1583) in Sikkim." Bulletin of Tibetology 41/2 (special issue: Tibetan Lamas in Sikkim), 2005: 11–29. 29. "A Short History of the g.Yu thog snying thig." In Konrad Klaus and Jens-Uwe Hartmann (eds.). Indica et Tibetica: Festschrift für Michael Hahn, zum 65. Geburtstag von Freunden und Schülern überreicht. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 66. Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien, 2007, 151–170. 30. "Kaḥ thog pa Bsod nams rgyal mtshan (1466–1540) and the Foundation of O rgyan rtse mo in Spa gro." In John A. Ardussi (ed.). Bhutan: Traditions and Changes. PIATS 2003: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Oxford 2003. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 10/5. Leiden: Brill, 2007, 73–95. 31. "A Forgotten Incarnation Lineage: The Yol-mo-ba Sprul-skus (16th to 18th Centuries)." In Ramon N. Prats (ed.). The Pandita and the Siddha: Tibetan Studies in Honour of E. Gene Smith. Dharamshala: Amnye Machen Institute, 2007, 25–49. 32. "The Biography of sMan-bsgom Chos-rje Kun-dga' dpal-ldan (1735–1804) as a Source for the Sino-Nepalese War." In Birgit Kellner, Helmut Krasser, Horst Lasic, Michael T. Wieser-Much and Helmut Tauscher (eds.). Pramāṇakīrtiḥ: Papers Dedicated to Ernst Steinkellner on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday. 2 vols. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 70. Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien, 2007, vol. 1, 115–133. 33. "Old and New Tibetan Sources Concerning Svayaṃbhūnāth." Zentralasiatische Studien 36, 2007: 105–130. 34. (together with Christoph Cüppers) "Die Kupferplatten der Könige  Ādityamalla und Puṇyamalla von Ya-tshe." In Petra Maurer and Peter Schwieger (eds.). Tibetstudien: Festschrift für Dieter Schuh zum 65. Geburtstag. Bonn: Bier’sche Verlagsanstalt, 2007, 37–42. 35. "Addressing Tibetan Rulers from the South: mChog-ldan mgon-po (1497–1531) in the Hidden Valleys of Bhutan." In Brigitte Huber (ed.). Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag. 2 vols. Beiträge zur Zentralasienforschung 12. Halle: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2008, vol. 1 (Chromolangma), 61–91. 36. "‘Turning the Wheel of the Dharma in Zhing sa Va lung’: The dPal ri sPrul skus (17th to 20th Centuries)." Bulletin of Tibetology 44/1–2, 2008: 5–29. 37. "The Lineage of the 'Ba'-ra-ba bKa'-brgyud-pa School as Depicted on a Thangka and in 'Golden Rosary' Texts." Münchener Beiträge zur Völkerkunde: Jahrbuch des Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München 13, 2009: 179–209. 38. "A ‘Hidden Land’ at the Border of 'Ol-kha and Dvags-po." The Tibet Journal 34/3–35/2 (special issue: The Earth Ox Papers: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Tibetan and Himalayan Studies, Held at the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, September 2009 on the Occasion of the ‘thank you India’ Year), 2009–2010: 493–521. 39. "Buddhist Fasting Lineages: A Thangka of the Eleven-faced and Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara." In Eli Franco and Monika Zin (eds.). From Turfan to Ajanta: Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2010, 291–302. 40. "The Holy Madman of dBus and His Relationships with Tibetan Rulers in the 15th and 16th Centuries." In Peter Schalk (ed.). Geschichten und Geschichte: Historiographie und Hagiographie in der asiatischen Religionsgeschichte. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Historia Religionum 30. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, 2010, 219–246. 41. "Editing and Publishing the Master's Writings: The Early Years of rGod tshang ras chen (1482– 1559)." In Anne Chayet, Cristina Scherrer-Schaub, Françoise Robin and Jean-Luc-Achard (eds.). Edition, éditions: l'écrit au Tibet, évolution et devenir. Collectanea Himalayica 3. München: Indus Verlag, 2010, 129–161. 42. "The Narrative of the Birth of the Buddha as Told by Bskal-bzang Chos-kyi Rgya-mtsho (15th Century)." In Christoph Cueppers, Max Deeg and Hubert Durt (eds.). The Birth of the Buddha: Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, October 2004. LIRI Seminar Proceedings Series 3. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2010, 355–376. 43. "‘Flow of the River Gaṅgā’: The gSan-yig of the Fifth Dalai Bla-ma and its Literary Sources." In Henk Blezer and Roberto Vitali (eds.). Studies on the History and Literature of Tibet and the Himalaya. Kathmandu: Vajra Publications, 2012, 79–96. 44. "Gnas Rab 'byams pa Byams pa phun tshogs (1503–1581) and his Contribution to Buddhist Block Printing in Tibet." In Charles Ramble and Jill Sudbury (eds.). This World and the Next: Contributions on Tibetan Religion, Science and Society. PIATS 2006: Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Königswinter 2006. Beiträge zur Zentralasienforschung 27. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2012, 149–176. 45. "The Scribe's Remark: A Note on the 'Rig-'dzin Tshe-dbang nor-bu (Waddell) Edition' of the rNying ma rgyud 'bum." Zentralasiatische Studien 41, 2012: 231–237. 46. "The Royal Print of the Maṇi bka' 'bum: Its Catalogue and Colophon." In Franz-Karl Ehrhard and Petra Maurer (eds.). Nepalica-Tibetica: Festgabe for Christoph Cüppers. 2 vols. Beiträge zur Zentralasienforschung 28. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2013, vol. 1, 143–172. 47. "Spreading the sNying thig Teachings: The Biographical Account of rDzogs chen pa bSod nams rin chen (1498–1559)." Bulletin of Tibetology 49/1 (special issue: rNying ma Studies: Narrative and History), 2013: 55-76. 48. "Lowo Khenchen (1456–1532) and the Buddhist Pilgrimage to the Ārya Wati Zangpo." In Benjamin Bogin and Andrew Quintman (eds.). Himalayan Passages: Tibetan and Newar Studies in Honor of Hubert Decleer. Somerville: Wisdom Publications, 2014, 15–43. 49. "'An Ocean of Marvelous Perfections': A 17th-Century Padma bka'i thang yig from the Sa skya pa School." In Jim Rheingans (ed.). Literary Genres, Texts, and Text Types: From Genre Classification to Transformation. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 37. Leiden: Brill, 2015, 139–181. 50. "Glimpses of the Sixth Dalai Bla ma: Contemporary Accounts from the Years 1702 to 1706." In Olaf Czaja and Guntram Hazod (eds.). The Illuminating Mirror: Tibetan Studies in Honour of Per K. Sørensen on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Contributions to Tibetan Studies 12. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2015, 131–154. 51. "'A Thousand-spoke Golden Wheel of Secular Law': The Preamble to the Law Code of the Kings of gTsang." In Dieter Schuh (ed.). Secular Law and Order in the Tibetan Highland: Contributions to a Workshop Organized by the Tibet Institute in Andiast (Switzerland) on the Occasion of the 65th Birthday of Christoph Cüppers from the 8th of June to the 12th of June 2014. Monumenta Tibetica Historica III/13. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2015, 105–125. 52. "'Throne-holders of the Middle Valley': Buddhist Teachers from Southern Dolpo." Bulletin of Tibetology 51/1–2 (special issue: Buddhist Himalaya: Perspectives on the Tibetan Cultural Area), 2015: 7–45. 53. "Collected Writings as Xylographs: Two Sets from the Bo dong pa School." In Hildegard Diemberger, Franz-Karl Ehrhard and Peter Kornicki (eds.). Tibetan Printing: Comparisons, Continuities and Change. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 39. Leiden: Brill, 2016, 212–236. 54. "Buddhist Hagiographies from the Borderlands: Further Prints from Mang yul Gung thang." In Orna Almogi (ed.). Tibetan Manuscript and Xylograph Traditions: Thee Written Word and Its Media within the Tibetan Culture Sphere. Indian and Tibetan Studies 4. Hamburg: Department of Indian and Tibetan Studies, Universität Hamburg, 2016, 127–169. 55. "Chos dpal bzang po (1371–1439): The 'Great Teacher' (bla chen) of rDzong dkar and his Biography." In Volker Caumanns and Marta Sernesi (eds.). Fifteenth Century Tibet: Cultural Blossoming and Political Unrest. Proceedings of a Conference Held in Lumbini, Nepal, March 2015. LIRI Seminar Proceedings Series 8. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2017, 1–32. 56. "A Thangka from Brag dkar rta so and its Inscription." In Katia Buffetrille and Isabelle Henrion- Dourcy (eds.). Musique et épopée en Haute-Asie: Mélanges offerts à Mireille Helffer a l’occasion de son 90e anniversaire. Le Pré-Saint-Gervais: L’Asiathèque, 2017, 371–383. 57. "Printing a Treasure Text: The 1556 Edition of the Bya rung kha shor lo rgyus." In Oliver von Criegern, Gudrun Melzer and Johannes Schneider (eds.). Saddharmāmṛtam: Festschrift für Jens-Uwe Hartmann zum 65. Geburtstag. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 93. Wien: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien, 2018, 75–93. 58. (together with Marta Sernesi) "Apropos a Recent Collection of Tibetan Xylographs from the 15th to the 17th Centuries." Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 48 (special issue: Perspectives on Tibetan Culture: A Small Garland of Forget-me-nots Offered to Elena De Rossi Filibeck, ed. by Michela Clemente, Oscar Nalesini and Federica Venturi), 2019 (in press). Edited Volumes 1. (together with Christoph Cüppers and Philip Pierce) Views of the Bodhnāth-Stūpa. Kathmandu: Bauddha Book, 1991. 2. (together with Alexander W. Macdonald) Snowlight of Everest: A History of the Sherpas of Nepal. Nepal Research Centre Publications 18. Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1992. (Nepalese translation, Kathmandu, 1994). 3. (together with Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber) Das Lexikon des Buddhismus: Grundbegriffe und Lehrsysteme, Philosophie und meditative Praxis, Literatur und Kunst, Meister und Schulen, Geschichte, Entwicklung und Ausdrucksformen von ihren Anfängen bis heute. München: Scherz, 1992. 4. The Collected Works of dKar-brgyud bsTan-'dzin nor-bu: A Recent Lama of Brag-dkar rta-so. Smanrtsis Shesrig Spendzod 142. Leh: D. L. Tashigangpa, 1996. 5. The Oldest Block Print of Klong-chen Rab-'byams-pa's Theg mchog mdzod. Facsimile Edition of Early Tibetan Block Prints. Lumbini International Research Institute, Facsimile Series 1. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2000. 6. Four Unknown Mahāmudrā Works of the Bo-dong-pa School. Facsimile Edition of Early Tibetan Block Prints. Lumbini International Research Institute, Facsimile Series 2. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2000. 7. A Buddhist Correspondence: The Letters of Lo-chen bSod-nams rgya-mtsho. Facsimile Edition of a 15th Century Tibetan Manuscript. Lumbini International Research Institute, Facsimile Series 3. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute, 2002. 8. (together with Petra Maurer) Nepalica-Tibetica: Festgabe für Christoph Cüppers. 2 vols. Beiträge zur Zentralasienforschung 28/1–2. Andiast: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, 2013. 9. (together with Hildegard Diemberger and Peter Kornicki) Tibetan Printing: Comparisons, Continuities and Change. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 39. Leiden: Brill, 2016. Lexicographical Contributions 1. “Tibetischer Buddhismus.” In Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber et al. (eds.). Lexikon Östlicher Weisheitslehren: Buddhismus, Hinduismus, Taoismus, Zen. München: Scherz, 1986. (English translation: "Tibetan Buddhism."" In The Rider Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion. London, 1989; The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen. Boston, 1991.) 2. “Himalayan Buddhism.” In Lindsay Jones (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Second Edition. 15 vols. Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2005, vol. 2, 1230–1235. Reviews 1. Hidden Treasures and Secret Lives: A Study of Pemalingpa (1450–1527) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683–1706), by Michael Aris. In Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 142/1, 1992: 206–208. 2. Tibet: Civilisation et société. Colloque organisé par la Fondation Singer-Polignac à Paris, les 27, 28, 29 avril 1987, ed. by Fernand Meyer. In Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 142/2, 1992: 395–398. 3. Divinity Secularized: An Inquiry into the Nature and Form of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama, by Per K. Sørensen. In Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 143/1, 1993: 223–225. 4. Materials for the Study of Āryadeva, Dharmapāla and Candrakīrti. The Catuḥśataka of Āryadeva, Chapters XII and XIII, with the Commentaries of Dharmapāla and Candrakīrti: Introduction, Translation, Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese Texts, Notes. 2 vols., by Tom J. F. Tillemans. In Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 144/1, 1994: 221–224. 5. The Buddha Within: Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhāga, by Susan K. Hookham. In Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 144/2, 1994: 415–419. 6. The Life of Shabkar: The Autobiography of a Tibetan Yogin, by Matthieu Ricard. In The Tibet Journal 22/1, 1997: 87–90. 7. The Full-Fledged Khyung-chen Bird: An Essay in Freedom as the Dynamics of Being, by Klong-chen Rab- 'byams-pa Dri-med 'od-zer and Herbert Guenther. In The Tibet Journal 22/3, 1997: 116–119. 8. Consecration of Images and Stūpas in Indo-Tibetan Tantric Buddhism, by Yael Bentor. In The Tibet Journal 23/3, 1998: 129–132. 9. Natural Liberation: Padmasambhava's Teachings on the Six Bardos, by Gyatrul Rinpoche and B. Alan Wallace. In The Tibet Journal 24/4, 1999: 68–71. 10. sDe-dpon sum-cu: Ritual und Ikonographie der "Dreißig Schutzgottheiten der Welt", by Namgyal Ronge, Utz Poley, Rudolf Kaschewsky and Pema Tsering. In The Tibet Journal 25/2, 2000: 60–62. 11. The Dating of the Historical Buddha / Die Datierung des historischen Buddha, Part 3, by Heinz Bechert. In The Tibet Journal 25/3, 2000: 70–71. 12. The Brief Catalogues to the Narthang and the Lhasa Kanjurs: A Synoptic Edition of the "bKa' 'gyur rin po che'i mtshan tho" and the "rGyal ba'i bka' 'gyur rin po che'i chos ts'an so so'i mts'an byaṅ dkar chag bsdus pa"; The Early Mustang Kanjur Catalogue: A Structured Edition of the mDo sṅags bka' 'gyur dkar chag and of Ṅor chen kun dga' bzaṅ po's bKa' 'gyur ro cog gi dkar chag bstan pa gsal ba'i sgron me, by Helmut Eimer. In Indo-Iranian Journal 44/2, 2001: 174–179. 13. Pèlerins, Lamas et Visonnaires: Sources orales et écrites sur les pèlerinages tibétains, by Katia Buffetrille. In Indo-Iranian Journal 44/3, 2001: 279–285. 14. Himalayan Hermitess: The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun, by Kurtis Schaeffer. In Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies 2, 2006: 1–8. 15. Life, Transmission, and Works of A-mes-zhabs Ngag-dbang-kun-dga'-bsod-nams, the Great 17th Century Sa-skya-pa Bibliophile, by Jan-Ulrich Sobisch. In Indo-Iranian Journal 50/2, 2007: 193–196.
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Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain.

Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā.

Though it can simply be used as the expression "I" or "me", in Indian thought the notion of self refers to a permanent, unchanging entity, such as that which passes from life to life in the case of people, or the innate essence (svabhāva) of phenomena.

Mahāmudrā refers to an advanced meditation tradition in Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna forms of Into-Tibetan Buddhism that is focused on the realization of the empty and luminous nature of the mind. It also refers to the resultant state of buddhahood attained through such meditation practice. In Tibet, this tradition is particularly associated with the Kagyu school, although all other schools also profess this tradition. The term also appears as part of the four seals, alongside dharmamūdra, samayamudrā, and karmamudrā.

The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature.

The esoteric Buddhist tradition which developed as a syncretic system involving deity worship, use of mantras, physical energy, and mystical practices. It is also known as the mantra tradition and the tantric school as a result of being based on texts known as tantras.