Karuṇā

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Key Term	Karuṇā
Hover Popup Choices	compassion; great compassion; mercy; pity
In Tibetan Script	ཐུགས་རྗེ་
Wylie Tibetan Transliteration	thugs rje
Devanagari Sanskrit Script	करुणा
Romanized Sanskrit	Karuṇā
Romanized Pali	karuṇā
Tibetan Phonetic Rendering	tüjye
Chinese Script	悲
Chinese Pinyin	bēi
Japanese Transliteration	hi
Korean Script	bi
English Standard	compassion
Karl Brunnhölzl's English Term	compassion
Alternate Spellings	thugs rje
Term Type	Noun
Source Language	Sanskrit
NEW: Context Descriptions (Glossary-DefinitionTsadra)	Abhidharma (Indo-Tibetan): Karuṇā (T. སྙིང་རྗེ་) is a wholesome mental factor that serves as the direct antidote to the mental affliction of cruelty or viciousness (vihiṃsā). It is defined as the aspiration for sentient beings to be free from suffering. It is traditionally counted as one of the four immeasurables (brahmavihāra or ཚང་པའི་གནས་བཞི་). In this context, it is cultivated by meditating upon the sufferings of all beings and aspiring for their relief. Mahāyāna (Indo-Tibetan): In the Mahāyāna tradition, karuṇā is of supreme importance, culminating in mahākaruṇā (great compassion; T. སྙིང་རྗེ་ཆེན་པོ་). Mahākaruṇā is the compassion that perceives the suffering of all sentient beings throughout the six realms and works ceaselessly and universally for their liberation. It is considered the root of bodhicitta (the mind of enlightenment) and is one of the defining qualities of a bodhisattva. Great compassion is understood as the upāya (method or skillful means) aspect of the path, which must be united inseparably with prajñā (wisdom, the realization of emptiness) to achieve the complete enlightenment of a Buddha. Compassion prevents one from falling into the extreme of merely tranquil nirvana, ensuring one continues working for others. Vajrayāna (Indo-Tibetan): Karuṇā (thugs rje) continues to be the indispensable method aspect, representing the activity and responsiveness of the awakened mind. It is inherently non-dual with wisdom (prajñā). The very spontaneous manifestation of enlightened qualities and the capacity to perceive the suffering of others is an expression of this great compassion. Dzogchen/Mahāmudrā (Indo-Tibetan): In the context of the ultimate nature of mind, karuṇā (*thugs rje*) is seen not merely as an emotional state but as the spontaneous, all-pervasive, and unobstructed capacity of the ultimate nature (dharmakāya or rigpa). It is the energetic potential (rtsal) or light-like radiance that arises naturally from the emptiness (stong pa nyid) of the true nature. It is the unimpeded, responsive luminosity of the mind's ultimate essence, which manifests in forms and activities to benefit beings. This view emphasizes the inseparability of emptiness and compassion as the two aspects of reality. Theravāda/Pāli Tradition Context: In the Pāli tradition, karuṇā is one of the four sublime abodes (P. brahmavihāra) along with loving-kindness (mettā), sympathetic joy (muditā), and equanimity (upekkhā). The cultivation of karuṇā is a meditative practice aimed at purifying the mind by radiating the wish for all beings to free from suffering, thereby opposing ill-will and cruelty.
NEW: Glossary-PopUpBeginnerDefinition	The profound wish for all sentient beings to be free from suffering and the causes of suffering. It is a core virtue in Buddhism and, in the Mahāyāna tradition, develops into 'great compassion' (mahākaruṇā), the driving force behind the pursuit of enlightenment for the benefit of others.
NEW: Glossary-PopUpScholarDefinition	A fundamental wholesome mental factor (Skt. karuṇā; T. སྙིང་རྗེ་) defined as the state of mind that cannot bear the suffering of others and fervently desires their release from all forms of distress and its causes. It is one of the four immeasurables (brahmavihāra). In Mahāyāna, it transforms into mahākaruṇā (great compassion), which is universally directed and serves as one of the indispensable method (upāya) components, that combined with wisdom (prajñā), lead to the full enlightenment of a Buddha.
NEW: Glossary-DefinitionBodhicittaWiki	Karuṇā is the very foundation and root of bodhicitta, the mind aspiring to enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. It begins as the simple wish to alleviate the suffering of others and matures into mahākaruṇā (great compassion; T. thugs rje chen po), which is universal in scope and unwavering in its aspiration that all beings be free from even the subtlest of sufferings. This great compassion, when combined with prajñā (wisdom) – the realization of emptiness (śūnyatā) – forms the core practice of the bodhisattva. Mahākaruṇā is the force that propels the bodhisattva to complete the six perfections (pāramitā) and attain Buddhahood, ensuring that the liberated state is not a passive one but an active, spontaneous, and ceaseless engagement for the welfare of others. It prevents the bodhisattva from settling for the lesser goal of personal liberation.
NEW: Glossary-DefinitionLotsawas	compassion; great compassion; sorrow; mercy; pity; sympathetic joy
Definitions
Tshig mdzod Chen mo	ཚངས་པའི་གནས་པ་བཞིའི་ནང་གསེས། ནད་སོགས་སྡུག་བསྔལ་གྱིས་མནར་བའི་སེམས་ཅན་དེ་དག་སྡུག་བསྔལ་དང་བྲལ་ན་ཅི་མ་རུང་སྙམ་པ་སྟེ། རྣམ་པར་འཚེ་བའི་སེམས་ཀྱི་གཉེན་པོའོ།
Dung dkar Tshig mdzod Chen mo	ནད་སོགས་སྡུག་བསྔལ་གྱིས་མནར་བའི་སེམས་ཅན་དེ་དག་སྡུག་བསྔལ་དང་བྲལ་ན་ཅི་མ་རུང་སྙམ་པའི་སེམས་བྱུང་དེ་ཡིན། ཐེག་པ་ཆེན་པོའི་ལམ་ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་རྩ་བ་སྙིང་རྗེ་ཡིན་ཏེ། ཆོས་ཡང་དག་པར་སྡུད་པའི་མདོ་ལས། བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས་སངས་རྒྱས་ཐོབ་པར་འདོད་པས་ཆོས་མང་པོ་ལ་བསླབ་པར་མི་བགྱི་། ཆོས་གཅིག་ལ་བསླབ་པར་བགྱིའོ། ། དེ་གང་ཞེ་ན་སྙིང་རྗེ་ཆེན་པོའོ་ཞེས་གསུངས། སེམས་ཅན་ཐམས་ཅད་འཁོར་བ་སྡུག་བསྔལ་གྱི་གནས་ལས་སྒྲོལ་བའི་ཁུར་འཁྱེར་བ་ནི་སྙིང་རྗེ་ཆེན་པོ་ལ་རག་ལས་ཏེ། མདོ་སྡེ་རྒྱན་ལས་། དང་པོ་རྩ་བ་ཐ་མ་འབྲས་མཆོག་ལྡན། འདི་ནི་སྙིང་རྗེའི་ལྗོན་ཤིང་ཆེན་པོ་ཡིན། རྩ་བ་སྙིང་རྗེ་མེད་གྱུར་ན། །དཀའ་སྤྱད་བཟོད་པ་ཉིད་མི་འགྱུར། ། ཞེས་གསུངས། དེ་ལྟར་སྙིང་རྗེ་ཆེན་པོ་ཡོན་ཏན་ཐམས་ཅད་ཀྱི་འབྱུང་གནས་སུ་གྱུར་པ་དེ་དཔེར་ན་ཤིང་གི་རྩ་བ་དང་སྡོང་པོ་སོགས་འོག་མ་འོག་མ་གོང་མ་སྐྱེ་ཞིང་། དེ་མེད་ན་མི་འབྱུང་བ་དང་འདྲ་བར་། སྙིང་རྗེ་རང་རྒྱུད་ལ་སྐྱེས་པར་བྱེད་པ་གལ་གནད་ཤིན་ཏུ་ཆེའོ། །