Franco, E.

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Franco, E. on the DRL

Eliahu Franco
English Phonetics Eli Franco
Prof. Eli Franco Universitat Leipzig.jpeg
Dates
Birth:   1953
Place of birth:   Tel Aviv


Tibetan calendar dates

Contact information

Website:   https://www.gko.uni-leipzig.de/indologie-zaw/institut/mitarbeiter/prof-dr-eli-franco.html#c28926
About
Primary Affiliation (Workplace)
University of Leipzig

Biographical Information

Eli Franco (born June 19, 1953 in Tel Aviv ) is an Israeli Indologist. He received his BA in Philosophy and Jewish Philosophy from the University of Tel Aviv in 1976, the Diplôme de l' Ecole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in 1978, Paris, and the Doctorat 3e cycle from the Université de Paris X and L'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in 1980. Since 2004 he has held the chair for Indology at the Institute for Indology and Central Asian Studies at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Among his writings include: Perception, Knowledge and Disbelief: A Study of Jayarāśi's Skepticism (Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1987), Dharmakīrti on Compassion and Rebirth (Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien, 1997), The Spitzer Manuscript: The Oldest Philosophical Manuscript in Sanskrit (Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2004), and (with Miyako Notake) Dharmakīrti on the Duality of the Object: Pramāṇavārttika III, 1 - 63 (Lit Verlag, 2014). (Adapted from Source July 20, 2019)

Publications

Books

  • Denis Diderot: Lettre sur les Aveugles à l'utilization de ceux qui voient. Translation into Hebrew with introduction and notes. Tel Aviv, 1986, 78 pp.
  • Perception, Knowledge and Disbelief. A Study of Jayarāśi's skepticism. Old and New Indian Studies 35, 1987, Stuttgart, 584 pp. (second, slightly modified and enlarged edition: Delhi 1994. 618 pp.).
  • Dharmakīrti on Compassion and Rebirth. Vienna Studies on Tibetology and Buddhist Studies 38, 1997, Vienna, 394 pp. (pirate edition: Seoul ca. 2000).
  • The Spitzer Manuscript - The Oldest Philosophical Manuscript in Sanskrit. Memoranda 323 = Contributions to the Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia 43, 2004, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Philosophical-Historical Class, Vienna, 2 vols., 510 pp.
  • Dharmakīrti on the Duality of the Object. With Miyako Notake, and a foreword by Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer. LIT Verlag, Berlin 2014, xv + 173 pp.

Edited books

  • Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its Impact on Indian and Cross-Cultural Studies. With K. Preisendanz. Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and Humanities 59, 1997, Amsterdam / Atlanta, 673 pp.
  • Śāntideva's entry into life for enlightenment. With Karin Preisendanz and Klaus Glashoff. Buddhism in History and the Present 3. Hamburg, 1999 (University of Hamburg, continuing studies).
  • Yogic Perception, Meditation and Altered States of Consciousness. In collaboration with Dagmar Eigner. Vienna 2009, 483 pp.
  • From Turfan to Ajanta. Festschrift for Dieter Schlingloff on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday. With Monika Zin. Lumbini 2010, 2 vols, 1103 pp.
  • Religion and Logic in Buddhist Philosophical Analysis. With H. Krasser et al. Proceedings of the 4th International Dharmakīrti Conference. Vienna 2011.
  • Historiography and Periodization of Indian Philosophy. De Nobili Series, Vienna 2013, 388 pp.
  • Around Abhinavagupta. Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century. With I. Ratié. Berlin 2016, 663 pp.
  • Hetuvidyā and the Science of Pramāṇa. The South Asian Scene and East Asian Developments. With Karin Preisendanz. Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 56-57, 2015-2018, 2019.

Essays (selection)

  • Studies in the Tattvopaplavasiṃha I. The Criterion of Truth. Journal of Indian Philosophy 11, 1983, pp. 147-166.
  • Studies in the Tattvopaplavasiṃha II. The Theory of Error. Journal of Indian Philosophy 12, 1984, pp. 105-137.
  • On the interpretation of Pramāṇasamuccaya (vṛtti) I 3d. Journal of Indian Philosophy 12, 1984, pp. 389-400.
  • Once Again on Dharmakirti's Deviation from Dignāga on pratyakṣābhāsa. Journal of Indian Philosophy 14, 1986, pp. 79-99 (Reprinted in: Paul Williams (ed.) Buddhism, Vol. 5: Yogācāra, the Epistemological Tradition and Tathāgatagarbha, London 2005).
  • On Religious Tolerance in Classical India. Prose 99, 1987 (in Hebrew).
  • Bhāsarvajña and Jayarāśi: The Refutation of Skepticism in the Nyāyabhūṣaṇa. Berlin Indological Studies 3, 1987, pp. 23-49.
  • What the Buddha a Buddha? (Review article on: T. Vetter, The Buddha and His Doctrine in Dharmakīrtis Pramāṇavārttika.) Journal of Indian Philosophy 17, 1989, p. 81-99.
  • Mahāyāna Buddhism - At unfortunate misunderstanding? (Review article on: D. Kalupahana, Nāgārjuna, The Philosophy of the Middle Way.) Berlin Indological Studies 4/5, 1988/89, p. 39-48.
  • Valid Reason, True Sign. Viennese Journal for the Customers of South Asia 34, 1990, pp. 189-208.
  • Paurandarasūtra. In: MA Dhaky and Sagarmal Jain (eds.), Aspects of Jainology, Vol. III, Pt. Dalsukhbhai Malvania Felicitation Volume I, Varanasi 1991, pp. 154-163.
  • Whatever happened to the Yuktidīpika? (Review article on: GJ Larson and RS Bhattacharya, Sākhya: A Dualist Tradition in Indian Philosophy.) Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Süd Asia Customer 35, 1991, p. 123-137.
  • To the religious background of Buddhist logic. Berlin Scientific Society. Yearbook 1990. Berlin 1991, pp. 177-193.
  • The Disjunction in Pramāṇavarttika Pramāṇasiddhi-Chapter verses 5c. In: E. Steinkellner (ed.), Studies in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition, Vienna 1991, pp. 39-51.
  • A note on Hetucakraḍamaru 8-9. Indo-Iranian Journal 36, 1993, pp. 235-237.
  • Did Dignāga accept Four Kinds of Perception? Journal of Indian Philosophy 21, 1993, pp. 295-299.
  • Ālayavijñāna and kliṣṭamanas in the Pramāṇavārttika? Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia 38, 1994, pp. 367-378 (Orbis Indicus = Festschrift G. Oberhammer).
  • Yet Another Look at the Framework of the Pramāṇasiddhi Chapter of the Pramāṇavārttika. Indo-Iranian Journal 37, 1994, pp. 233-252.
  • Vaiśeṣika or Cārvāka? The Mysterious Opponent in Pramāṇavārttika 2.63-72. Asian Studies / Etudes Asiatiques XLVIII.2, 1994, pp. 683-698.
  • A Note on Bhavadāsa's Interpretation of Mīmāṃsāsūtra I.1.4 and the Date of the Nyāyabhāṣya. With K. Preisendanz. Berlin Indological Studies 8, 1995, pp. 81-86.
  • Distortion as a Price for Comprehensibility? The rGyal tshab-Jackson Interpretation of Dharmakīrti. (Review article on: Roger R. Jackson, Is Enlightenment Possible? Dharmakīrti and rGyal tshab rje on Knowledge, Rebirth, No-Self and Liberation.) Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 20/1, 1997 109-132; Response pp. 149-151).
  • The Tibetan Translations of the Pramāṇavārttika and the Translation of Translation Methods from Sanskrit to Tibetan. In: H. Krasser, T. Much, E. Steinkellner and H. Tauscher (eds.), Proceedings of the 7th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Graz 1995, Vienna 1997, pp. 277-188.
  • Introduction and Editorial Essay by Wilhelm Halbfass in: Eli Franco and Karin Preisendanz (eds.), Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its Impact on Indian and Cross-Cultural Studies, Amsterdam / Atlanta 1997, pp. I-XXIV, Appendix pp. XXV-XXXVI. Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 59.
  • Two Circles or Parallel Lines? In: S. Katsura (ed.), Dharmakirti's Thought and its Impact on Indian and Tibetan Philosophy, Vienna 1999, pp. 63-72.
  • Āvita and Avita. Etudes Asiatiques / Asian Studies 53/3, 1999, pp. 563-577.
  • A Survey of Buddhist Studies in Germany and Austria 1972-1997. Journal of the International Association for Buddhist Studies 22/2, 1999, pp. 401-456 (unauthorized version in: Donald K. Swearer and Somparn Promta (eds.), The State of Buddhist Studies in the World: 1972-1997, Bangkok 2000, pp. 190-228).
  • The 'Spitzer Manuscript' - A Report on Work in Progress. In: Abhidharma and Indian Thought: Essays in Honor of Professor Doctor Junsho Kato on His Sixtieth Birthday, Tokyo 2000, pp. 562-544.
  • The Earliest Extant Vaiśeṣika Theory of guṇas. Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia 44, 2000, pp. 157-163.
  • The logical-epistemological tradition of Buddhism. In: L. Schmithausen, K. Glashoff and J. Sobisch (eds.), Buddhism in History and Present, Bd. 5, Hamburg 2001, pp. 15-38.
  • Lost Fragments from the 'Spitzer Manuscript'. In R. Tsuchida and A. Wezler (eds.), Harānandalaharī (Festschrift Minoru Hara), Reinbek 2000, pp. 77-110.
  • Fragments of a Buddhist Pramāṇa-Theory from the Kuṣāṇa Period. Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Fellowship Newsletter 4, 2001, pp. 2-12.
  • Dharmakīrti's Reductionism in Religion and Logic. In: R. Torella (ed.) Le Parole ei Marmi. Studi in onore di Raniero Gnoli no suo 70 ° compleanno, Roma 2001, pp. 285-308.
  • Lo scetticismo di Jayarāśī. Discutendo in merito ai criteri di verita. In: Federico Squarcino (ed.), Verso l'India, Oltre l'India. Scritti e ricerche sulle tradizioni intellettuali sudasiatiche, Milano 2002, pp. 259-274.
  • Jñānaśrīmitra's Inquiry about Vyāpti. (Review article on: Horst Lasic, Jñānaśrīmitras Vyāpticarcā. Sanskrit text, translation, analysis.) Journal of Indian Philosophy 30, 2002, pp 191-211.
  • The Oldest Philosophical Manuscript in Sanskrit. In: Piotr Balcerowicz (ed.) Proceedings of the International Seminar "Argument and Reason in Indian Logic" 20-24 June, 2001; Kazimierz Dolny, Poland (= Journal of Indian Philosophy 31 / 1-3), 2003, pp. 21-31.
  • A Mīmāṃsaka among the Buddhists: Three Fragments on the Relationship between Word and Object. In: Jens Braarvig (ed.), Buddhist Manuscripts, Volume II, Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection III, Oslo 2002, pp. 271-285.
  • Towards a Reconstruction of the Spitzer Manuscript - The Dialectical Portion. Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia 46, 2002, pp. 171-224.
  • A Note on Nāgārjuna and the Naiyāyikas. In: S. Hino, T. Wada Three Mountains and Seven Rivers: Prof. Musashi Tachikawa's Felicitation Volume, Delhi 2004, pp. 203-208.
  • Did the Buddha have desires? In: HW Bodewitz, M.Hara (eds.), JWJong Memorial Volume (Studia Philologica Buddhica Monograph Series XVII), Tokyo 2004, pp. 39-47.
  • Towards a Critical Edition and Translation of the Pramāṇavārttikālaṅkārabhāṣya. A Propos Two Recent Publications. Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia 48, 2004, pp. 151-169.
  • Immanent India and transcendent Europe. (Review article on: Shlomo Biderman, Philosophical Journeys, India and the West.) Katharsis 2, 2004, pp 31-45 (in Hebrew).
  • The Spitzer Manuscript (SHT 810) - A Philosophical Manuscript from the Kuṣāṇa Period. In: Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst et al. (eds.), Turfan Revisited - The First Century of Research into the Arts and Cultures of the Silk Road. Berlin 2004, pp. 92-94.
  • Xuanzang's proof of idealism (vijñaptimātratā). Horin 11, 2004, pp. 199-212. Translation into Japanese: Moro, Shigeki (translation and explanation), "Genjō ni yoru kannenron (vijñaptimātratā) no shōmei", Bulletin of the Faculty of Letters, Hanazono University 43, 2011, pp. 87-112.
  • Translation into Chinese in: Nyāyamukha. Commemorative Paper for Prof.Weihong Zheng - Commemorating the 45th Anniversary of His Distinguished Career. Edited Mingjun Tang. Shanghai 2016, pp. 30-43.
  • Mīmāṃsāsūtra 1.1.4 and the Principle of Vākyabheda. In: Committee for the Felicitaiton of Dr. med. Hojun Nagasaki's Seventhieth Birthday (ed.), Buddhism and Jainism, Essays in Honor of Dr. Hojun Nagasaki, Kyoto 2005, pp. [205] - [212].
  • A New Era in the Study of Buddhist Philosophy. Journal of Indian Philosophy 34, 2006, pp. 221 - 227.
  • On Pramāṇasamuccayavṛtti 6ab Again. Journal of Indian Philosophy, 2005, pp. 631-633.
  • Three Notes on the Spitzer Manuscript. Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia, 2005, pp. 109-111.
  • The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy - 40 years later. Journal of Indian Philosophy 35, 2007, pp. 287-297.
  • Sylvain Levi's contribution to the Study of Indian Philosophy. In Lyne Bansat-Boudon et al. (eds.), Sylvain Lévi (1863-1935) Études indiennes, histoire sociale. Actes du colloque tenu à Paris 8-10 Octobre 2003. Paris 2007, pp. 75-90.
  • Prajñākaragupta on pratītyasamutpāda and reverse causation. In B. Kellner et al. (eds.), Pramāṇakīrti. Papers Dedicated to Ernst Steinkellner on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday, Vienna Studies on Tibetology and Buddhist Studies 70.1, Vienna 2007, pp. 163-185.
  • Variant readings from Tucci's photos of the Yoginirṇayaprakaraṇa manuscript. In: F. Sferra (ed.), Buddhist Texts from Northern India. Sanskrit Manuscripts from Giuseppe Tucci's Collection. Part I. Rome 2008 [2009], pp. 157-186.
  • Introduction. In: E. Franco (ed.), Yogic perception, Meditation and Altered States of Consciousness. Vienna 2009, pp. 1-51.
  • Meditation and Metaphysics. On their mutual relationship in South Asian Buddhism. In: E. Franco (ed.), Yogic perception, Meditation and Altered States of Consciousness. Vienna 2009, pp. 93-132.
  • The Discussion of pramāṇas in the Spitzer Manuscript. In: Brendan S. Gillon (ed.), Papers of the 12th World Sanskrit Conference held in Helsinki, Finland, 13-18 July 2003, Vol. 10.2. Logic in Classical India, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 2010, pp. 121-138.
  • Perception of Yogis - Some Epistemological and Metaphysical Considerations. In: H. Krasser et al. (eds.), Religion and Logic in Buddhist Philosophical Analysis, Proceedings of the 4th International Dharmakīrti Conference, Vienna, August 23-27, 2005, Vienna 2011, pp.81-98.
  • A Note on the Sadvityrapyoga. Journal of Indian Philosophy 40, 2012, pp. 219-224.
  • Once Again on the Desires of the Buddha. In: François Voegeli et al. (ed.) Devadattīyam - Johannes Bronkhorst Felicitation Volume, Bern 2012, pp. 229-245.
  • Rare Manuscripts of Works by Jitari. With Junjie Chu, China Tibetology 2012, pp. 17-32.
  • With Dieter Schlingloff, to the Buddhist play fragment from Afghanistan. Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia, Bd. LIV / 2011-2012, pp. 19-33.
  • How to Distinguish Between Non-Existing Entities? Dharmakīrti and Prajñākaragupta on Universal as Objects of Knowledge. Rocznik Orientalistyczny 2012: 51-62
  • Further Notes on the Sadvityyaprayoga. In: Journal of Indian Philosophy: Volume 41, Issue 6 (2013), Page 665-670
  • Xuangzang's Silence and Dharmakīrti's Date. In: Report of the panel "Pramāṇa Across Asia. India, China, Korea, Japan. ", Eli Franco and Jeson Woo (eds.) (Forthcoming)
  • The Determination of Causation by Dharmakīrti. In: The Proceedings of the Fifth International Dharmakīrti Conference, Birgit Kellner et al. (eds.) (Forthcoming)
  • Jitāri on Backward Causation (bhāvikāraṇavāda). In: KL Dhammajoti (ed.), Buddhist Meditative Practice: Traditional Teachings and Modern Application. Hong Kong 2015, pp. 81–116.
  • Bhautopākhyāna or Dumb and Dumber: A Grade on a Little-known Literary Genre of South Asia. In: Olaf Czaja and Guntram Hazod (eds.). The Illuminating Mirror. Tibetan Studies in Honor of K. Sørensen on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Wiesbaden: Dr. med. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2015, 173-178.
  • Final Notes on the Sadvityyaprayoga. In: Journal of Indian Philosophy, Volume 44, Issue 3 (2016), pp 525-535.
  • Why Is not "Comparison" a Means of Knowledge? Bhāsarvajña on Upāmāna. in: Around Abhinavagupta. Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century, Berlin 2016, pp 171-188.
  • Jayarāśi and the Skeptical Tradition. In: Joerg Tuske (ed.), Indian Epistemology and Metaphysics. London 2017: 53-74.
  • Vasubandhu the Unified. Journal of Indian Philosophy 54, 2017: 961-972.
  • Idealism, Materialism, National Socialism. On the historiography and periodization of Indian philosophy. In Rolf Elberfeld (ed.), Philosophy historiography in a global perspective. Hamburg 2017: 97-120. (slightly revised translation of the introduction to Historiography and Periodization of Indian Philosophy Vienna 2013).
  • With Junjie Chu, Rare Manuscripts of Works by Jitari. In: Horst Lasic and Xuezhu Li (eds), Sanskrit Manuscripts in China II. Beijing 2016, pp. 15-48.
  • On the Arising of Philosophical Theories from Spiritual Practice. In: Oliver von Criegern, Gudrun Melzer and Johannes Schneider (eds.), Festschrift for Jens-Uwe Hartmann on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Vienna Studies on Tibetology and Buddhist Studies, Issue 93, Vienna 2018, pp. 113-126.
  • Xuanzang's Silence and Dharmakīrti's Dates. Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. LVI-LVII / 2015-2018 (2019), 117-141.
  • Yamāri and the Order of Chapters in the Pramāṇavārttika. In: L'espace du sens: Approaches of philology indienne. The Space of Meaning: Approaches to Indian Philology. Ed. by Silvia D'Intino and Sheldon Pollock. With the coll. Of Michaël Meyer. Publications de l'Institut de civilization indienne 84. Paris: Collège de France and Diffusion De Boccard, 2018: 247-269.

Contributions to Encyclopaedias

  • With K. Preisendanz, Materialism, Indian School of. In: Edward Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 1998, London / New York, pp.178-181.
  • With K. Preisendanz, Akṣapāda Gotama / Gautama. In: Edward Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 1998, London / New York, pp. 859-861.
  • With K. Preisendanz, Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika. In: Edward Craig (ed.), Routledge Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 1998, London / New York, pp. 57-67.
  • Knowledge in Indian Philosophy. In: Donald M. Borchert (ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Thomson Gale, Detroit et al., 115-123.
  • Cārvāka / Lokāyata. Brill: Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Leiden 2011, Vol. III, pp. 629-642.

Knowledge concept in Indian philosophy. In: Thomas Bonk (ed.), Lexicon of epistemology. WGB (Scientific Book Company), Darmstadt 2013, pp. 313-327

  • Dharmakīrti. In: Karl H. Potter (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy, Vol. XXI: Buddhist Philosophy from 600 to 750 AD Delhi 2017: 51-136.
  • Pramāṇasiddhi. In: Karl H. Potter (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy, Vol. XXI: Buddhist Philosophy from 600 to 750 AD Delhi 2017: 297-353.
  • Prajnakaragupta. In: Jonathan Silk (ed.) Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. II: Lives. Leiden / Boston: 363-365.

Translations and other publications

  • With D. Daor, Kālidāsa's Śakuntalā. Introduction and translation of Act II into Hebrew. In: prose 100, 1988, pp. 158-163.
  • Interview with W. Halbfass and translation of his essay "India, Europe and the Europeanization of the Earth". Prose 101/102, 1988, pp. 80-88.
  • The Nirvāṇa as the perfection of every living thing. Religions on the way 3, 2002, pp. 4-10.

With Karin Preisendanz, The Indian Writings. In: W. Seipel (ed.), The Tower of Babel. Origin and Diversity of Speech and Writing, Skira, Milano 2003, Vol. IIIa pp. 291-296 s. Downloads , Vol. IIIb pp. 295-314.

  • Hermann Brockhaus - On the occasion of his 200th birthday on January 28, 2006. University of Leipzig Anniversaries 2006, Persons / Events, 2006, pp. 15-19.
  • Preface to: Expanding and Merging Horizons in Karin Preisendanz (ed.) Contributions to South Asian and Cross-Cultural Studies Commemoration of Wilhelm Halbfass, 2007, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, pp. ix-xii.
  • With K. Preisendanz, Foreword to: Erich Frauwallner, Philosophy of Buddhism, Berlin 2010, pp. XII-LIII.
  • With Karin Preisendanz) Preface. In: Hetuvidyā and the Science of Pramāṇa. The South Asian Scene and East Asian Developments. Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies, Vol. 56-57, 2015-2018 (2019): 5-18.

Numerous book reviews in:

  • Asian and African Studies
  • Asian Studies
  • Australasian Journal of Philosophy
  • Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
  • Entangled religions
  • Indo-Iranian Journal
  • Journal of the American Oriental Society
  • Orientalist literary newspaper
  • Vienna Journal for the Customers of South Asia
  • Journal of the German Oriental Society
Links
Wiki Pages


Buddha Nature Project
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Expand to see this person's philosophical positions on Buddha-nature.

Is Buddha-nature considered definitive or provisional?
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All beings have Buddha-nature
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If "Qualified", explain:
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Which Wheel Turning
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Yogācāra vs Madhyamaka
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Zhentong vs Rangtong
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Promotes how many vehicles?
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Analytic vs Meditative Tradition
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What is Buddha-nature?
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Svātantrika (རང་རྒྱུད་) vs Prāsaṅgika (ཐལ་འགྱུར་པ་)
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Eli Franco

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Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana).

Mahāyāna, or the Great Vehicle, refers to the system of Buddhist thought and practice which developed around the beginning of Common Era, focusing on the pursuit of the state of full enlightenment of the Buddha through the realization of the wisdom of emptiness and the cultivation of compassion.

Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā.

Refers to something that is taught for a specific reason, rather than because it is entirely true.

Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā.

The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature.

The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena.

Tsen Khawoche's "meditative tradition" of exegesis of the Uttaratantra; it is one of two major Tibetan traditions of exegesis, both stemming from students of Sajjana.

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